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All Journal International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Jurnal Teknik Mesin Rekayasa Mesin Sinergi Indonesian Journal of Science and Technology Jurnal Elemen Community Empowerment Mechanical Engineering for Society and Industry Automotive Experiences Urecol Journal. Part D: Applied Sciences International Journal of Renewable Energy Development
Muhammad Latifur Rochman
Universitas Muhammadiyah Magelang
Aerospace Engineering Arts Humanities Automotive Engineering Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture Computer Science & IT Control & Systems Engineering Decision Sciences, Operations Research & Management Earth & Planetary Sciences Education Electrical & Electronics Engineering Energy Engineering Environmental Science Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering Materials Science & Nanotechnology Mechanical Engineering Physics Public Health Social Sciences Transportation

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Toward Diesel-Range Fuel Properties: Catalytic Upgrading of Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel over Acid-Activated Bentonite Rochman, Muhammad Latifur; Hamidi, Nurkholis; Winarto
Automotive Experiences Vol. 9 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Magelang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31603/ae.15630

Abstract

Waste cooking oil (WCO)-derived biodiesel represents a promising renewable fuel because it simultaneously supports waste valorization, reduces dependence on petroleum-derived diesel, and lowers feedstock costs. However, its relatively high viscosity, oxygenated ester structure, and lower energy density compared with conventional diesel can limit its fuel performance. Most existing upgrading strategies address these limitations through catalytic cracking or deoxygenation at temperatures above 250–350 °C, frequently involving pressurized hydrogen and extensive conversion of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) into hydrocarbon-rich fuels, leaving limited understanding of whether biodiesel properties can instead be improved through low-severity treatment while preserving its FAME-rich character. This study investigated H₂-free mild catalytic upgrading of WCO-derived biodiesel using untreated bentonite and HCl-activated bentonite at catalyst loadings of 0.20, 0.40, 0.60, and 0.80 wt% in a rotary reactor operated at 150 °C for 1 h, followed by density, kinematic viscosity, calorific value, flash point, FTIR, and GC–MS analyses. The treatment caused only negligible variation in density, from 0.842 g/cm³ for the initial biodiesel to 0.843–0.844 g/cm³ after upgrading, indicating that the bulk molecular characteristics of the fuel were largely retained, while the kinematic viscosity decreased substantially from 4.94 cSt to minimum values of 3.54 and 3.55 cSt at 0.20 and 0.40 wt%, respectively. The calorific value increased from 41.46 MJ/kg to a maximum of 42.39 MJ/kg at 0.80 wt%, corresponding to an improvement of approximately 2.24%, while the 0.60 and 0.80 wt% samples exhibited flash points of 57.5 and 56.5 °C, respectively. GC–MS analysis revealed a compositional redistribution from 65.48% FAME and 16.13% aliphatic hydrocarbons in the initial biodiesel to approximately 53.46% FAME and 28.48% aliphatic hydrocarbons at 0.80 wt%; meanwhile, the 0.40 wt% sample showed the formation of approximately 3.80% C12 hydrocarbons, consistent with its lower viscosity and greater volatility. FTIR spectra retained the characteristic ester C=O and long-chain aliphatic bands, supporting limited molecular transformation rather than extensive destruction of the FAME framework. These findings demonstrate that low-temperature, low-catalyst-loading bentonite treatment can selectively redistribute biodiesel components and tune fuel properties without deep conversion, providing a low-severity upgrading pathway that bridges conventional biodiesel processing and high-temperature hydrocarbon-fuel production.
Co-Authors Aditya Kolakoti Aditya Kolakoti Agung Setyo Pambudi Agus Setiawan Ahmad Arif Ahmad Irfan Ahmad Tresno Adi Ambati Vijay Kumar An’nisa Solihah Baginda Pangidoan Tanjung Bagiyo Condro Purnomo Bambang Pujiarto Budi Waluyo Budi Waluyo Damar Setyo Prakasa Darmawan Rois Dhasa Ikrar Setyanansyach Dwi Restianto Femiana Gapsari Geeri, Satish Hasan Maksum Indra Candra Setiawan Jerry Chih Tsong Su Jin Cherng Shyu Joumil Aidil Saifuddin Kathleen Ebora Padrigalan Khoirul Fa’i Kolakoti, Aditya Krismadinata Krismadinata Lalank Samudra Mukti Hidayat Lilik Budiyarto Margana Margana Marliyati Marliyati Muhammad Iqbal Al-Fikri Muhammad Mauludin Kharim Muji Setiyo Nanang Apriandi Nofa Ardana Noto Widodo Nurkholis Hamidi Nurkholis Hamidi Prasasti Bayu Aji Pramono Prima Nofan Ryastama Purwanto, Wawan Raghu Metta Refaldy Pristiwantoro Riyan Adhy Pratama Riyan Tri Aditya Pamungkas Saifudin Septiantar Tebe Nursaputro Setyo Widiantoro Sofyan Kurniawan Sunaryo Suroto Munahar Wahyu Danu Romadlon Wahyu Sulistiyo Widha Bagus Fahriansyah WINARTO Winarto Winarto Yusuf Dewantoro Herlambang