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All Journal Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity
AHMAD DWI SETYAWAN
Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Surakarta 57126, Central Java, Indonesia
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology

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Ethnobiology and symbolic roles of plants and animals in Javanese funeral rituals, Central Java, Indonesia LATIFAH RESTU PINASTI; MALFA AMORITA IFTITANI; MALIKASARI MALIKASARI; M. BAHRUL MUNA; SEVIANNA DANAH ZULFANI; MUHAMMAD INDRAWAN; TITI WAHYUNI; SURAPON SAENSOUK; AHMAD DWI SETYAWAN
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 9 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260949

Abstract

Abstract. Pinasti LR, Iftitani MA, Malikasari, Muna MB, Zulfani SD, Indrawan M, Wahyuni T, Saensouk S, Setyawan AD. 2025. Ethnobiology and symbolic roles of plants and animals in Javanese funeral rituals, Central Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 4805-4820. This study explores the ethnobotanical and ethnozoological dimensions of funeral and post-funeral traditions among the Javanese Muslim community in Kalibawang, Wonosobo District, Central Java, Indonesia. The research aimed to document the species of plants and animals used in ritual practices, their symbolic meanings, and their integration with Islamic and local cultural values. A descriptive–exploratory approach was employed, combining qualitative interviews with 90 respondents, field observations, and quantitative analysis using the Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC) index. The findings revealed 19 plant species and 4 animal species involved in various stages of the ritual process. Flowers and leaves were the most frequently used plant parts, particularly Jasminum polyanthum, Magnolia × alba, Cananga odorata, and Oryza sativa, which held the highest RFC values (0.67-0.87). Among animals, Gallus domesticus ranked highest (RFC 0.67), followed by Bos indicus and Oreochromis spp.. These species function as ritual mediators expressing purity, devotion, fertility, and gratitude. The integration of Islamic principles with Javanese cosmology forms a harmonious synthesis that sustains both spiritual and ecological values. Moreover, the continuous use and cultivation of ritual species in homegardens contribute to biodiversity conservation through cultural continuity. The study concludes that the Kalibawang funeral tradition represents a living model of biocultural sustainability, where religious belief, cultural identity, and environmental stewardship coexist in a dynamic equilibrium that strengthens community resilience and moral ecology.
Taxonomic reassessment of the Selaginella flora of Java, Indonesia AHMAD DWI SETYAWAN; TATIK CHIKMAWATI; MIFTAHUDIN MIFTAHUDIN; SUTARNO SUTARNO; SUGIYARTO SUGIYARTO; SUNARTO SUNARTO
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 27 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d270239

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Abstract. Setyawan AD, Chikmawati T, Miftahudin, Sutarno, Sugiyarto, Sunarto. 2026. Taxonomic reassessment of the Selaginella flora of Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 27 (2): d270239. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270239. Selaginella Beauv. is one of the most taxonomically complex lycophyte genera in tropical Asia, and species delimitation in Java has long been complicated by extensive morphological variation, nomenclatural inconsistency, and contrasting taxonomic interpretations. This study provides a comprehensive floristic and taxonomic reassessment of Selaginella in Java based on 1,962 occurrence records from field surveys and herbarium collections. Species diversity, distribution patterns, and taxonomic relationships were evaluated using comparative morphology, ecological evidence, herbarium examination, and contemporary nomenclatural standardization. A total of 21 species are recognized, including 19 native taxa and two introduced or naturalized species (S. kraussiana and S. uncinata). Updated diagnostic descriptions and identification keys are provided, and several problematic taxa are reassessed. Selaginella ascendens and S. springiana are interpreted within the S. intermedia complex, whereas S. caudata and S. caulescens are treated within the S. plana and S. involvens complexes, respectively. Several vegetative characters traditionally used for species delimitation, including branch flattening, foliage density, and leaf overlap, were found to be highly variable and environmentally responsive, whereas stem pubescence, aristate leaf apices, and certain growth-form characteristics remain more reliable for identification. Floristic comparisons indicate strong affinities between the Javan Selaginella flora and other regions of Sundaland, particularly Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia, together with secondary connections to Wallacea and the broader tropical and subtropical regions of Asia. The study provides an updated checklist, identification framework, and taxonomic baseline for future ecological, biogeographical, and evolutionary research on Asian Selaginella.
Revisiting Selaginella diversity in Java (Indonesia) through combined ecological and taxonomic reassessment AHMAD DWI SETYAWAN; TATIK CHIKMAWATI; MIFTAHUDIN MIFTAHUDIN; SUTARNO SUTARNO; SUGIYARTO SUGIYARTO; SUNARTO SUNARTO
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 27 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d270150

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Abstract. Setyawan AD, Chikmawati T, Miftahudin, Sutarno, Sugiyarto, Sunarto. 2026. Revisiting Selaginella diversity in Java (Indonesia) through combined ecological and taxonomic reassessment. Biodiversitas 27 (1): d270150. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270150. Selaginella species have traditionally been distinguished mainly by vegetative traits. Because these traits vary with environmental conditions, the taxonomy of this lycophyte genus has remained complex, especially in tropical Asia. In Java, species diversity estimates remain inconsistent among classical floristic treatments, global databases, and recent field observations. This study reassessed Selaginella diversity in Java using field surveys, herbarium examination, taxonomic standardization, and ecological analyses. A total of 1,962 occurrence records were compiled across multiple habitat types and elevational zones. Species identities were verified through comparison of field collections, herbarium specimens, and published taxonomic references. Ecological structuring was analyzed using descriptive habitat analysis, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS). The reassessment recognized 21 confirmed Selaginella species in Java, consisting of 17 native non-endemic taxa, two endemic taxa, and two introduced or naturalized species. Species richness was highest in humid submontane forests, whereas disturbed habitats contained simplified assemblages dominated by ecological generalists. NMDS analysis indicated significant habitat differentiation (ANOSIM: R = 0.684; p = 0.001 after 999 permutations), while several historically recognized taxa, including S. ascendens, S. springiana, and S. caudata, were not retained as independent species because of extensive overlap with broader species complexes. These results suggest that relying solely on vegetative morphology may overestimate Selaginella species richness in Java. This assessment updates our knowledge of Selaginella diversity in Java by integrating field observations, herbarium evidence, and ecological analyses. Conservation efforts should prioritize humid forest habitats, particularly submontane areas, which support the highest diversity and several habitat-specialist Selaginella species.
Roadside tree composition, origin status, and principal-use composition along selected urban corridors in Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia RAISA NOOR SAFIRA; KHOTROTUN NIDA FARIKHA; MARETTA PATRICIA BERNADETTA; MARTINA PUTRI MAHARANI; MUHAMMAD ADIB AL-DZAHABI; WHIDI HIMAWAN; AHMAD DWI SETYAWAN
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 27 No. 5 (2026)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d270537

Abstract

Abstract. Safira RN, Farikha KN, Bernadetta MP, Maharani MP, Al-Dzahabi MA, Himawan W, Setyawan AD. 2026. Roadside tree composition, origin status, and principal-use composition along selected urban corridors in Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 27 (5): d270537. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270537. Roadside trees are conspicuous elements of urban green infrastructure, but reliable inventories remain limited for many tropical secondary cities. This study provides a standardized descriptive assessment of roadside tree composition and principal use categories along selected corridors in Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia. Twenty purposively selected 200-m transects, four in each of five sub-districts, were surveyed. Living arborescent perennials maintained as part of roadside structural vegetation were counted and identified, and each species was classified by origin status and principal roadside use. Diversity was summarized using Shannon diversity, Pielou evenness, Margalef richness, and pairwise Sørensen similarity; all indices were recalculated directly from the species-by-sub-district abundance matrix. The inventory recorded 743 individuals representing 67 species and 24 families. Fabaceae had the greatest species richness and abundance, followed by Arecaceae in both measures. Jebres contained the most species (37), Banjarsari the most individuals (190), and Laweyan the highest diversity (H′: 3.242; E: 0.912; Dmg: 7.114). Pairwise Sørensen similarity ranged from 0.269 to 0.686, with the strongest overlap between Pasar Kliwon and Serengan. Introduced taxa comprised 41 species (61.2%) and 496 individuals (66.8%), native taxa comprised 25 species (37.3%) and 245 individuals (33.0%), and one taxon represented by two individuals remained uncertain in origin status. Ornamental trees were the largest principal use group by species and abundance, followed by shade trees. The ten most abundant species represented 55.0% of all individuals, and the most abundant species accounted for 11.04%. These results provide a descriptive baseline for the surveyed 4 km of roadside corridors, not a city-wide census. Future inventories should retain transect-level data and incorporate georeferenced tree locations, size, condition, roadside constraints, and repeated monitoring to strengthen management and ecological inference.
Land-cover dynamics and ecological carrying capacity of nature-based tourism in Tawangmangu Sub-District, Central Java, Indonesia JAMILATUN NISA; IZA ADE FEBRIO; IVAN SETIAWAN; DIANTI DIANTI; CHEE KONG YAP; AHMAD DWI SETYAWAN
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 27 No. 6 (2026)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d270627

Abstract

Abstract. Nisa J, Febrio IA, Setiawan I, Dianti, Yap CK, Setyawan AD. 2026. Land-cover dynamics and ecological carrying capacity of nature-based tourism in Tawangmangu Sub-District, Central Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 27 (6): d270627. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270627. Nature-based tourism in mountain landscapes requires systematic ecological evaluation because land-cover change and visitor pressure may progressively influence environmental stability. This study analyzed land-cover dynamics and activity-specific tourism carrying capacity in Tawangmangu Sub-district, Central Java, Indonesia, using five representative tourism sites distributed along an elevational gradient from 1,067 to 1,906 m asl. Land-cover composition was compared between 2015 and 2024 across five classes: vegetation, rice fields, built-up area, bare land, and green open space. Tourism carrying capacity was assessed through Physical Carrying Capacity (PCC), Real Carrying Capacity (RCC), and Effective Carrying Capacity (ECC) using accessible area, visitor space requirement, operational time, ecological and management correction factors, and management capacity. A project-level classification accuracy assessment yielded 87.6% overall accuracy and a kappa coefficient of 0.84; these metrics support broad landscape interpretation but do not imply precision for very small mapped changes. Vegetation remained dominant and increased from 3,121.48 to 3,327.35 ha (+6.59%), rice fields increased by 88.65 ha (+6.93%), green open space declined by 259.33 ha (-14.16%), and built-up area showed a small mapped net increase of 3.68 ha (+0.76%). To ensure numerical closure, overlay-derived transition proportions were reconciled to the independently mapped 2015 and 2024 class totals using iterative proportional fitting. Of the gross green-open-space area assigned to other classes in the reconciled matrix, 64.1% shifted to vegetation and 25.4% to rice fields, whereas only 1.6% shifted to built-up area. Corrected carrying-capacity calculations gave the highest ECC for trekking (816 visitors/day), followed by hiking (693), climbing (672), sightseeing (443), and camping (215). These results indicate a vegetation-dominated landscape with limited mapped net built-up change and strongly activity-dependent visitor-capacity scenarios; they should not be interpreted as evidence that tourism caused the observed land-cover changes. Management implications include vegetation retention, activity-specific visitor regulation, control of concentrated and long-duration use, and repeated spatial and ecological monitoring. The principal contribution is an integrated assessment that links mapped landscape dynamics, uncertainty-aware transition analysis, and activity-specific carrying-capacity scenarios within a single mountain tourism planning framework.
Composition, diversity, and dominance of woody and arborescent plants in community forests of Tawangmangu, Central Java, Indonesia NABILA DHILA SEPTHIA; OLINDA AYU SAFITRI; RANI RACHMA ASTINING PUTRI; ROI ANDRIANTO; NUR ROHMAYANI ANGGELIKA PUTRI; DIANCAHYA MELATI DARMA SETYASIH; RIDA AYU SURYA PUTRI; YAQUT AMJAD ADILLAH RAHARJO; RINOA SALSABILA IZDIHAR; AHMAD DWI SETYAWAN
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 27 No. 6 (2026)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d270626

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Abstract. Septhia ND, Safitri OA, Putri RRA, Andrianto R, Putri NRA, Setyasih DMD, Adrianto R, Putri NRA, Setyasih DMD, Putri RAS, Raharjo YAA, Izdihar RS, Setyawan AD. 2026. Composition, diversity, and dominance of woody and arborescent plants in community forests of Tawangmangu, Central Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 27 (6): d270626. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270626. Community forests are fine-grained production landscapes in which planting and harvesting decisions can generate marked differences in woody-plant composition over short distances. We characterized woody and arborescent plant composition, diversity, dominance, and turnover in community forests of Plumbon, Nglebak, and Sepanjang villages, Tawangmangu, Central Java, Indonesia. Field inventories were conducted in October 2024 in fifteen documented 20×20 m plots (five per village; 0.20 ha reported per village). The recoverable dataset was a species-by-village matrix comprising 934 recorded individuals assigned to 33 taxa and 18 families. From this matrix, we recalculated recorded-individual density, observed and rarefied richness, Shannon diversity, Pielou evenness, Hill diversity, Berger-Parker dominance, and pairwise compositional similarity. Sepanjang had the greatest observed richness (25 taxa), rarefied richness at 266 individuals (25.00), Shannon diversity (2.637), Pielou evenness (0.819), and Hill ¹D (13.97), the latter approximately 2.6 times the value for Nglebak (5.30). Plumbon was intermediate (23 taxa; rarefied richness 21.75; Shannon diversity 2.259), whereas Nglebak had the lowest richness (17 taxa; rarefied richness 16.60) and diversity (Shannon 1.668), with Pinus merkusii accounting for 57.7% of recorded individuals. Across villages, P. merkusii, Swietenia macrophylla, and Toona ciliata comprised 52.9% of all individuals. Eleven taxa occurred in all three villages, whereas 12 were recorded in only one village. Pairwise Jaccard similarity ranged from 0.448 to 0.548, indicating appreciable local turnover. These patterns show substantial variation in dominance and compositional breadth among nearby managed forests. Because plot selection was purposive and plot identities were not recoverable, the analysis is descriptive and does not support causal inference about elevation or management. Future studies should use permanent, voucher-supported plots with complete stem-level measurements to evaluate diversity, structure, and carbon dynamics.
GIS-based biophysical screening for agroforestry in the volcanic highland landscape of Selo, Central Java, Indonesia AWWALIN ROSITA AISYAHTUNNISA; AQIL HAIDAR RABBANI; ASMA NADIAPUTRI ZAIN; ARENDRA DWI PURWA SAPUTRA; MUHAMMAD INDRAWAN; SUGIYARTO SUGIYARTO; DIANTI DIANTI; AHMAD DWI SETYAWAN
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 27 No. 8 (2026)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d270819

Abstract

Abstract. Aisyahtunnisa AR, Rabbani AH, Zain AN, Saputra ADP, Indrawan M, Sugiyarto, Dianti, Setyawan AD. 2026. GIS-based biophysical screening for agroforestry in the volcanic highland landscape of Selo, Central Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 27 (8): d270819. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270819. Agroforestry is widely promoted for production and soil conservation in intensively cultivated highlands, yet a suitability map is only as reliable as the data and assumptions used to build it. We examined the volcanic highland landscape of Selo Sub-district, Central Java, Indonesia, using a screening-level GIS model rather than a parcel-scale prescription. Five biophysical criteria were combined by weighted linear combination: a soil-fertility proxy based on soil organic carbon and cation-exchange capacity (40%), slope (30%), rainfall (10%), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI; 10%), and elevation (10%). The soil surface came from inverse-distance interpolation of 10 published observations; elevation and slope were derived from DEMNAS, rainfall from mean annual CHIRPS precipitation for 2015-2024, and NDVI from a June 2024 Sentinel-2 Level-2A scene. Of the 6,080.75-ha analytical footprint, 3,077.15 ha (50.60%) fell in S3, 2,426.67 ha (39.91%) in S2, 395.90 ha (6.51%) in N, and 181.03 ha (2.98%) in S1. The S1-S2 area totaled 2,607.70 ha (42.88%), concentrated mainly in central and eastern Selo. Rainfall became spatially non-discriminating after reclassification. The mapped classes matched 42 of 48 field reference labels (87.5%; Wilson 95% CI: 75.3-94.1%; kappa = 0.833), but these observations were not an independent probability-based validation of agroforestry performance. The map is best used to identify broad zones for further assessment. Decisions at farm or parcel level still require legal, hazard, land-use, tenure, socioeconomic, and system-specific information.
Co-Authors AQIL HAIDAR RABBANI ARENDRA DWI PURWA SAPUTRA ASMA NADIAPUTRI ZAIN AWWALIN ROSITA AISYAHTUNNISA CHEE KONG YAP DIANCAHYA MELATI DARMA SETYASIH DIANTI DIANTI IVAN SETIAWAN IZA ADE FEBRIO JAMILATUN NISA KHOTROTUN NIDA FARIKHA LATIFAH RESTU PINASTI M. BAHRUL MUNA MALFA AMORITA IFTITANI MALIKASARI MALIKASARI MARETTA PATRICIA BERNADETTA MARTINA PUTRI MAHARANI MIFTAHUDIN MIFTAHUDIN MUHAMMAD INDRAWAN MUHAMMAD ADIB AL-DZAHABI MUHAMMAD INDRAWAN NABILA DHILA SEPTHIA NUR ROHMAYANI ANGGELIKA PUTRI OLINDA AYU SAFITRI RAISA NOOR SAFIRA RANI RACHMA ASTINING PUTRI RIDA AYU SURYA PUTRI RINOA SALSABILA IZDIHAR ROI ANDRIANTO SEVIANNA DANAH ZULFANI SUGIYARTO SUGIYARTO SUNARTO SUNARTO SUNARTO SUNARTO SURAPON SAENSOUK SUTARNO SUTARNO TATIK CHIKMAWATI TITI WAHYUNI WHIDI HIMAWAN YAQUT AMJAD ADILLAH RAHARJO