SUNARTO SUNARTO
Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java, Indonesia

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Sustainability transitions and potential naturalization risk in the trade and cultivation of Selaginella kraussiana in tropical Indonesia AHMAD DWI SETYAWAN; SUTARNO SUTARNO; SUGIYARTO SUGIYARTO; SUNARTO SUNARTO; DIANTI DIANTI
Asian Journal of Agriculture Vol. 9 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Smujo International

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/asianjagric/g090259

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Abstract. Setyawan AD, Sutarno, Sugiyarto, Sunarto, Dianti. 2025. Sustainability transitions and potential naturalization risk in the trade and cultivation of Selaginella kraussiana in tropical Indonesia. Asian J Agric 9: 925-945. Selaginella kraussiana has recently become popular as a tropical ornamental plant in Indonesia because of its attractive morphology, rapid vegetative growth, and suitability for humid shaded environments. However, information regarding the multidimensional sustainability of its cultivation and trade systems remains limited, particularly concerning ecological resilience, socio-economic performance, and potential naturalization risk associated with ornamental dissemination. This study evaluated the sustainability of S. kraussiana cultivation and trade systems in Central Java, Indonesia, using a RAPFISH-based multidimensional framework integrated with SWOT-TOWS analysis. Primary data were collected through semi-structured interviews, field observations, and environmental assessments involving 40 ornamental plant farmers and traders. Sustainability evaluation included ecological, economic, social, technological, and institutional dimensions. The ecological dimension achieved the highest sustainability index (83.93%), indicating highly sustainable cultivation conditions supported by humid microclimates and vegetative propagation systems. Economic sustainability was categorized as moderately sustainable (58.29%), whereas social sustainability remained low sustainable (36.70%). Technological and institutional dimensions showed unsustainable conditions (18.29%) due to limited innovation, weak institutional support, and low organizational integration. Monte Carlo validation confirmed strong RAPFISH ordination reliability with stress values below 0.25 and coefficients of determination (R²) above 0.94. The study indicates that increasing ornamental trade and repeated movement of vegetative planting materials may elevate propagule pressure and warrant precautionary ecological monitoring under favorable humid tropical environments. These findings highlight the urgent need for integrating ecological precaution, technological adaptation, institutional strengthening, and biodiversity conservation into sustainable tropical ornamental horticulture systems while minimizing potential ecological risks associated with ornamental dissemination.
Assessing the suitability of tree species for urban green space in a tropical university campus in Surakarta, Indonesia INGGRID TRIFENA YULIA; DINDA PUTRI PERMATASARI; IGUSTITA IGUSTITA; GAVRIEL ENOS BERLIN; RAISA NOOR SAFIRA; SUGIYARTO SUGIYARTO; IRFAN ABU NAZAR; WIDHI HIMAWAN; SUNARTO SUNARTO; PRAKASH PRADHAN; AHMAD DWI SETYAWAN
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 24 No. 3 (2023)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d240345

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Abstract. Yulia IT, Permatasari DP, Igustita, Berlin GE, Safira RN, Sugiyarto, Nazar IA, Himawan W, Sunarto, Pradhan P, Setyawan AD. 2023. Assessing the suitability of tree species for urban green space in a tropical university campus in Surakarta, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 1713-1723. The presence of tree vegetation plays an important role in urban ecosystem. It provides various ecological and sociocultural functions from comforting micro-climates to beautification of the landscape. The central campus of Universitas Sebelas Maret (UNS) in Kentingan, Surakarta City, Central Java, Indonesia, has various tree species that grow well and become a constituent part of the campus area. This central campus environment has been considered one of the urban forests for city of Surakarta. This study aimed to determine the tree diversity occurring in the campus area of Universitas Sebelas Maret and to assess the suitability of the tree species based on silviculture, management and aesthetic aspects. Data collection was conducted by field observations at four stations: east, west, north, and south. Across the stations, the name of the tree species with minimum diameter breast height of 10 cm, the size of the tree’s circumference, the coordinates of the location of the tree, and tree’s morphological characteristics were documented. Each tree was then assessed for suitability for urban green space by scoring based on several silviculture, management and aesthetic criteria indicators. The results found 106 tree species in the studied area. Among them, 69 species (65%) had high suitability level, while 34 other species (32%) and 3 species (3%) were in the medium and low category, respectively. Some species with the highest score of 45 were kayu putih (Melaleuca leucadendra (L.) L), mimba (Azadirachta indica A.Juss.) and nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum L.), while the lowest score of 28 was kamboja (Plumeria acuminata W.T.Aiton). Species with high score are therefore recommended to be used in urban green space in the university area, and vice versa. The findings of this study suggest that vegetation suitability planning can be carried out to ensure the sustainability and balance of ecological functions of urban green space.
Local knowledge and the utilization of non-medicinal plants in home garden by the people of Donorejo Village in the Menoreh Karst Area, Purworejo, Central Java, Indonesia AINI MAR'ATUSH SHOLEKHA; INGGRID TRIFENA YULIA; ZAHRA HANUN; IYUALEVI GARNIS PERWITASARI; AGUSTINA PUTRI CAHYANINGSIH; SUNARTO SUNARTO; SUTARNO SUTARNO; INOCENCIO E. Jr. BUOT; AHMAD DWI SETYAWAN
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 24 No. 1 (2023)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d240173

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Abstract. Sholekha AM, Yulia IT, Hanun Z, Perwitasari IG, Cahyaningsih AP, Sunarto, Sutarno, Sugiyarto, Buot Jr IE, Setyawan AD. 2023. Local knowledge and the utilization of non-medicinal plants in home garden by the people of Donorejo Village in the Menoreh Karst Area, Purworejo, Central Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 645-657. Donorejo Village, in Purworejo District, Central Java, Indonesia, is one of the villages in the Menoreh Karst Mountains that uses non-medicinal plants. Donorejo villagers typically own vast plots of land that might be used for a wide range of productive purposes if planted with suitable vegetation. This study aims to investigate the knowledge of local people in the Menoreh Karst Mountain Area, Donorejo Village regarding the use of non-medicinal plants for daily life and document the use of plants by locals that can be useful to prevent delays in the transmission of local knowledge to future generations. Interviews and surveys conducted in the field using a purposive sampling strategy provided the bulk of the study's information. The age range of the 48 informants was from 25 to 91 years old, and the vast majority of them had only completed elementary school. A total of 119 species of non-medicinal plants were identified, representing 62 families and 12 different purposes, based on the results of the inventory of plants indicated by respondents and field observations. These plants were utilized as ornamental plants (48 species), food plants (44 species), cooking spices (16 species), animal feed (13 species), firewood (6 species), building materials (6 species), household items (2 species), and funeral ritual, prayer beeds, food wrapper, fence, fire starter (1 species). Based on these findings, it is clear that the residents of Donorejo Village continue to employ various non-medicinal plants in their gardens for various purposes.
Putative occurrence of amentoflavone across Selaginella species inferred from HPLC Retention Time analysis AHMAD DWI SETYAWAN; TATIK CHIKMAWATI; MIFTAHUDIN MIFTAHUDIN; PUSPA DEWI N. LOTULUNG; SUTARNO SUTARNO; SUGIYARTO SUGIYARTO; SUNARTO SUNARTO
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 12 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d261246

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Abstract. Setyawan AD, Chikmawati T, Miftahudin, Lotulung PDN, Sutarno, Sugiyarto, Sunarto. 2025. Putative occurrence of amentoflavone across Selaginella species inferred from HPLC Retention Time analysis. Biodiversitas 26: 6490-6501. Amentoflavone is a prominent biflavonoid frequently reported in the genus Selaginella and widely studied for its diverse biological activities. However, information on its distribution across species remains fragmented and largely restricted to isolated reports on individual taxa. This study aims to provide a comparative, compound-centric assessment of the putative occurrence of amentoflavone across multiple Selaginella species using a standardized Retention Time (RT)-based HPLC approach. Plant materials representing 20 samples from 17 Selaginella species were analyzed under uniform extraction and chromatographic conditions. An authentic amentoflavone reference standard was used to establish an external RT benchmark, and chromatograms recorded at 270 nm were qualitatively evaluated for RT correspondence within a predefined RT screening window centered on the reference peak. Occurrence was assessed using a presence–absence framework without quantitative estimation or multivariate analysis. Putative RT correspondence consistent with amentoflavone was detected in 9 of the 17 analyzed species, while several taxa consistently lacked detectable RT-matched peaks. The observed RT ranges among positive species were narrowly clustered, indicating stable chromatographic behavior of the detected signal across different plant matrices. Intraspecific comparisons revealed contrasting presence–absence outcomes among populations of the same species, highlighting population-level variability in detectable compound occurrence. The results demonstrate that putative amentoflavone occurrence in Selaginella is species-specific and not universally distributed across the genus. This study underscores the value of RT-based HPLC as an exploratory, hypothesis-generating screening tool for mapping compound occurrence across diverse taxa, while explicitly acknowledging its limitations in structural confirmation and sensitivity. By providing a qualitative baseline, this screening-based framework offers an initial biotechnological entry point for prioritizing Selaginella taxa for targeted metabolite validation and subsequent investigation using structure-confirming analytical techniques.
Genetic diversity and molecular differentiation among Javanese Selaginella revealed by SSR and ISSR markers AHMAD DWI SETYAWAN; JATNA SUPRIATNA; D. DARNAEDI; ROKHMATULOH ROKHMATULOH; SUTARNO SUTARNO; SUGIYARTO SUGIYARTO; SUNARTO SUNARTO; YULITA KUSUMADEWI
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 27 No. 5 (2026)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d270520

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Abstract. Setyawan AD, Supriatna J, Darnaedi D, Rokhmatuloh, Sutarno, Sugiyarto, Sunarto, Kusumadewi Y. 2026. Genetic diversity and molecular differentiation among Javanese Selaginella revealed by SSR and ISSR markers. Biodiversitas 27 (5): d270520. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270520. Selaginella is a highly diverse lycophyte genus in tropical Asia, yet molecular information for Indonesian taxa remains limited, particularly for evaluating species differentiation across geographically separated populations. This study assessed genetic diversity and molecular relationships among 32 Selaginella accessions representing eight recognized species and three unidentified taxonomic entities, collected mainly from Java, Indonesia, with additional materials from Bali, Lombok, and Papua. Genetic variation was analyzed using four SSR primers and five ISSR primers, which together generated 122 scorable loci, all of them polymorphic. SSR markers produced 43 loci, whereas ISSR markers generated 79 loci and contributed higher discriminatory power through greater polymorphism information content, resolving power, and marker index. Genetic similarity coefficients ranged from 0.42 to 0.93, indicating moderate to high molecular affinity among accessions. Both UPGMA clustering and principal component analysis consistently separated the major taxa, although widespread species such as S. plana and S. involvens showed moderate internal dispersion across accessions from different localities. AMOVA revealed that 80.1% of molecular variation occurred within species and 19.9% among species, with significant species-level differentiation (PhiPT = 0.199; P = 0.001). Nei's genetic distance revealed moderate molecular affinity among most Javanese taxa, whereas the Lombok and Papuan accessions occupied more divergent molecular positions. Geographic origin had little influence on the overall molecular structure, suggesting that species identity was the primary determinant of genetic differentiation. These findings demonstrate that combining SSR and ISSR markers provides a reliable molecular framework for refining taxonomy and supporting future conservation efforts for tropical Selaginella in Indonesia.
Revisiting Selaginella diversity in Java (Indonesia) through combined ecological and taxonomic reassessment AHMAD DWI SETYAWAN; TATIK CHIKMAWATI; MIFTAHUDIN MIFTAHUDIN; SUTARNO SUTARNO; SUGIYARTO SUGIYARTO; SUNARTO SUNARTO
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 27 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d270150

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Abstract. Setyawan AD, Chikmawati T, Miftahudin, Sutarno, Sugiyarto, Sunarto. 2026. Revisiting Selaginella diversity in Java (Indonesia) through combined ecological and taxonomic reassessment. Biodiversitas 27 (1): d270150. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270150. Selaginella species have traditionally been distinguished mainly by vegetative traits. Because these traits vary with environmental conditions, the taxonomy of this lycophyte genus has remained complex, especially in tropical Asia. In Java, species diversity estimates remain inconsistent among classical floristic treatments, global databases, and recent field observations. This study reassessed Selaginella diversity in Java using field surveys, herbarium examination, taxonomic standardization, and ecological analyses. A total of 1,962 occurrence records were compiled across multiple habitat types and elevational zones. Species identities were verified through comparison of field collections, herbarium specimens, and published taxonomic references. Ecological structuring was analyzed using descriptive habitat analysis, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS). The reassessment recognized 21 confirmed Selaginella species in Java, consisting of 17 native non-endemic taxa, two endemic taxa, and two introduced or naturalized species. Species richness was highest in humid submontane forests, whereas disturbed habitats contained simplified assemblages dominated by ecological generalists. NMDS analysis indicated significant habitat differentiation (ANOSIM: R = 0.684; p = 0.001 after 999 permutations), while several historically recognized taxa, including S. ascendens, S. springiana, and S. caudata, were not retained as independent species because of extensive overlap with broader species complexes. These results suggest that relying solely on vegetative morphology may overestimate Selaginella species richness in Java. This assessment updates our knowledge of Selaginella diversity in Java by integrating field observations, herbarium evidence, and ecological analyses. Conservation efforts should prioritize humid forest habitats, particularly submontane areas, which support the highest diversity and several habitat-specialist Selaginella species.
Assessing tourist experience and willingness to pay for biodiversity conservation at Mongkrang Hill, Mount Lawu, Central Java, Indonesia ARDITA AYU WULANDARI; ARUM NUR MUKARROMAH; ASFI DZIHNI; ATIKAH KHOIRIYAH AZZAM; ANGGUN DERISTANI; SUNARTO SUNARTO; AHMAD DWI SETYAWAN
Nusantara Bioscience Vol. 17 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Smujo International

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/nusbiosci/n170210

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Abstract. Wulandari AA, Mukarromah AN, Dzihni A, Azzam AK, Deristani A, Sunarto, Setyawan AD. 2025. Assessing tourist experience and willingness to pay for biodiversity conservation at Mongkrang Hill, Mount Lawu, Central Java, Indonesia. Nusantara Bioscience 17: 277-288. Highland ecosystems are ecologically sensitive environments increasingly pressured by nature-based tourism. Mongkrang Hill, located on the southern slopes of Mount Lawu in Karanganyar District, Central Java, Indonesia, has experienced rapid visitor growth, raising concerns regarding vegetation disturbance, waste accumulation, and declining habitat quality. This study assesses tourist experience and Willingness to Pay (WTP) for conservation by integrating the Experiential Value Scale (EVS) with economic valuation. A total of 60 visitors were surveyed using structured questionnaires, supported by field observations and semi-structured interviews. Multiple regression analysis showed that all four EVS dimensions—hedonic, novelty, interaction, and comfort—significantly influenced visitor satisfaction, with novelty and hedonic value being the strongest predictors. Satisfaction, in turn, had a positive and significant effect on WTP (? = 0.90), explaining 80.1% of its variance. The average additional WTP of IDR 15,840 indicates substantial potential for conservation-based financing. Observations further revealed ecological pressures related to trail erosion, vegetation trampling, and improper waste disposal, alongside community benefits through local economic activities and circular economy practices such as plastic waste recycling. The integrated EVS–WTP approach highlights how enhanced visitor experience can strengthen pro-conservation behavior and provide actionable pathways for sustainable ecotourism management. These findings support the development of experience-based conservation strategies for biodiversity protection in highland ecosystems.
Prediction of potential climate change impacts on the geographic distribution shift of Selaginella kraussiana and S. uncinata in East, South and Southeast Asia AHMAD DWI SETYAWAN; SUTARNO SUTARNO; SUGIYARTO SUGIYARTO; SUNARTO SUNARTO; ILYAS NURSAMSI; MUHAMMAD NUR SULTON; GILANG DWI NUGROHO
Nusantara Bioscience Vol. 18 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Smujo International

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/nusbiosci/n180105

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Abstract. Setyawan AD, Sutarno, Sugiyarto, Sunarto, Nursamsi I, Sulton MN, Nugroho GD. 2026. Prediction of potential climate change impacts on the geographic distribution shift of Selaginella kraussiana and S. uncinata in East, South and Southeast Asia. Nusantara Bioscience 18 (1): n180105. https://doi.org/10.13057/nusbiosci/n180105. Climate change is increasingly altering the geographic distribution of invasive plant species, yet comparative assessments of closely related invasive taxa remain limited. This study evaluated the potential impacts of climate change on the future distribution of two invasive lycophytes, Selaginella kraussiana and S. uncinata, across East, South, and Southeast Asia. Species distribution models were developed using the Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) algorithm based on occurrence records compiled from GBIF, field observations, and published literature. The models incorporated 15 environmental variables representing bioclimatic, edaphic, UVB-radiation, and topographic factors. Future habitat suitability was projected for 2030, 2050, and 2080 under four Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios (2.6, 4.5, 6.0, and 8.5). Model performance was high for both species, with AUC values of 0.935 for S. kraussiana and 0.966 for S. uncinata, indicating excellent predictive accuracy. Environmental controls differed markedly between the species. Selaginella kraussiana was primarily associated with temperature-related variables, particularly the minimum temperature of the coldest month (bio_6), whereas S. uncinata was more strongly associated with annual precipitation (bio_12) and other moisture-related variables. Future projections indicated substantial habitat expansion for S. kraussiana, with total suitable habitat increasing from 11.47 × 10⁶ km² under current conditions to 16.43 × 10⁶ km² under RCP 8.5 by 2080. Expansion was projected mainly into higher-latitude and higher-elevation subtropical and temperate regions. In contrast, S. uncinata exhibited relatively stable distribution patterns, with total suitable habitat changing only slightly from 2.95 × 10⁶ km² to 3.04 × 10⁶ km² across future climate scenarios. These findings suggest that S. kraussiana may experience a greater climate-driven increase in invasion potential than S. uncinata and demonstrate the value of integrating species distribution modeling with ecological interpretation to support invasion-risk assessment, early detection, and climate-adaptive management of invasive lycophytes in Asia.
Climatic and elevational drivers of Selaginella species richness in Java, Indonesia AHMAD DWI SETYAWAN; SUTARNO SUTARNO; SUGIYARTO SUGIYARTO; SUNARTO SUNARTO; MUHAMMAD NUR SULTON
Nusantara Bioscience Vol. 18 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Smujo International

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/nusbiosci/n180106

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Abstract. Setyawan AD, Sutarno, Sugiyarto, Sunarto, Sulton MN. 2026. Climatic and elevational drivers of Selaginella species richness in Java, Indonesia. Nusantara Bioscience 18 (1): n180106. https://doi.org/10.13057/nusbiosci/n180106. Understanding environmental factors that shape species richness patterns, yet the determinants of Selaginella diversity in Java, Indonesia, remain poorly understood. Selaginella, an ancient lycophyte genus widely distributed in tropical regions, is highly sensitive to environmental conditions, particularly moisture availability and temperature. This study examined the relationships between Selaginella species richness and elevational and climatic gradients across Java, Indonesia. A total of 1,962 occurrence records representing 21 identified species and one unidentified taxon were compiled from field surveys, herbarium collections, and verified biodiversity databases. Species richness was estimated using a 0.25° × 0.25° grid system and spatially visualized through Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) interpolation. The influence of elevation, Annual Mean Temperature, Annual Mean Precipitation, Annual Mean Solar Radiation, and Annual Mean Moisture Index on species richness was evaluated using polynomial regression, Pearson correlation analysis, and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Species richness showed pronounced spatial heterogeneity, with hotspots concentrated in the humid montane regions of West Java. Richness exhibited nonlinear relationships with all environmental variables and peaked at intermediate elevations. Annual Mean Moisture Index (R² = 0.616) and Annual Mean Precipitation (R² = 0.527) were the variables most strongly associated with species richness, whereas Annual Mean Temperature and solar radiation showed negative relationships. Correlation and PCA results further indicated that moisture availability is closely linked to richness patterns, while elevation influences richness indirectly through its effects on local climatic conditions. These findings demonstrate that humid submontane and montane environments are critical for maintaining Selaginella diversity in Java and highlight the importance of conserving climatically suitable habitats under future environmental change.
Short Communication: Exploratory AFLP-based genetic structuring among selected Selaginella species from Indonesia AHMAD DWI SETYAWAN; TATIK CHIKMAWATI; MIFTAHUDIN MIFTAHUDIN; SUTARNO SUTARNO; SUGIYARTO SUGIYARTO; SUNARTO SUNARTO; YULITA KUSUMADEWI
Nusantara Bioscience Vol. 17 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Smujo International

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/nusbiosci/n170217

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Abstract. Setyawan AD, Chikmawati T, Miftahudin, Sutarno, Sugiyarto, Sunarto. 2025. Short Communication: Exploratory AFLP-based genetic structuring among selected Selaginella species from Indonesia. Nusantara Bioscience 17 (2): 375-386. Selaginella is one of the oldest groups of living vascular plants and helps us understand how early land plants evolved and diversified. Despite its ecological and morphological diversity, molecular data remain limited for many tropical species. This study presents an exploratory assessment of multilocus genetic structuring among selected Selaginella species using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) markers. AFLP profiles were generated using four selective primer combinations, producing a total of 248 polymorphic fragments. Genetic similarity among species was quantified using Jaccard’s coefficient, and patterns of multilocus resemblance were examined through UPGMA clustering and principal coordinate analysis (PCoA). Pairwise similarity values ranged from 0.59 to 1.00, indicating a continuum of genetic differentiation rather than sharply delimited genetic groups. UPGMA clustering and PCoA revealed two broad species assemblages and substantial variation in multilocus genetic similarity among the analyzed taxa. The clustering pattern showed partial correspondence with major growth-form categories, with predominantly creeping to ascending species grouped separately from taxa exhibiting a cypress-like habit together with S. ornata. At the same time, several morphologically distinct species exhibited relatively high AFLP similarity, highlighting both congruence and incongruence between molecular and morphological patterns. Because the final comparative analyses were based on representative AFLP profiles for each species, the results should be regarded as an exploratory overview of interspecific multilocus differentiation rather than an assessment of intraspecific variation. Although AFLP markers do not permit direct phylogenetic inference, the findings provide a useful molecular baseline for future studies employing broader sampling and sequence-based or genomic approaches. Our findings demonstrate the value of integrating multilocus AFLP data with morphological evidence to better understand genetic structuring and species relationships in Selaginella. Although exploratory in nature, this study provides a useful molecular baseline for future sequence-based and genomic investigations.