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All Journal Diponegoro Law Review Ekuilibrium : Jurnal Ilmiah Bidang Ilmu Ekonomi
Ahmad Shabudin Ariffin
Faculty of Business and Management Sciences, Universiti Islam Antarabangsa Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin (UniSIRAJ)
Economics, Econometrics & Finance Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice

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Digital Mindfulness, Algorithms, and Sustainability in Shopee Loyalty: Moderated by Consumer Spirituality and Digital Intelligence Abdul Rauf; Ismayudin Yuliyzar; Eka Hendra Priyatna; Ahmad Shabudin Ariffin; Liza Nora
EKUILIBRIUM : JURNAL ILMIAH BIDANG ILMU EKONOMI Vol 21 No 1 (2026): March
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Ponorogo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24269/ekuilibrium.v21i1.2026.pp219-249

Abstract

The rapid growth of e-commerce platforms has intensified competition, making customer loyalty a strategic imperative. However, existing loyalty models often overlook the interplay between digital awareness, algorithmic personalization, and value-based consumption. This study aims to examine the direct and moderating effects of digital mindfulness, recommendation algorithms, and product sustainability on customer loyalty, with consumer spirituality and digital intelligence as moderators. Using a quantitative approach, data were collected from 250 Shopee users in Tangerang Raya and analyzed through Structural Equation Modeling–Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS). The results reveal that all three main variables significantly influence customer loyalty, with recommendation algorithms showing the strongest effect. Furthermore, consumer spirituality and digital intelligence positively moderate most relationships, although two interaction paths were statistically insignificant. The study contributes to the literature by integrating cognitive, technological, and ethical dimensions into loyalty formation. Its novelty lies in the dual moderation framework and the inclusion of spiritual and digital competencies as behavioral amplifiers. These findings offer theoretical enrichment and practical guidance for e-commerce platforms seeking to foster long-term loyalty through personalized, mindful, and value-driven strategies.
HUMAN RIGHTS PROTECTION IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE GOVERNANCE: COMPARATIVE LESSONS FOR INDONESIA’S REGULATORY FRAMEWORK Adhika Mahindra Satya; Radian Salman; Rosa Ristawati; Haryono Haryono; Ahmad Shabudin Ariffin
Diponegoro Law Review Vol 11, No 1 (2026): Diponegoro Law Review April 2026
Publisher : Fakultas Hukum, Universitas Diponegoro

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/dilrev.11.1.2026.68-93

Abstract

The rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) has raised significant concerns regarding the protection of human rights, particularly in relation to privacy, non-discrimination, accountability, and legal certainty. This study examines regulatory gaps in Indonesia’s AI governance from a human rights perspective and proposes regulatory recommendations through a comparative analysis of legal frameworks in the European Union (EU), China, and the United States (U.S.). Employing doctrinal legal research, this study applies statutory, conceptual, comparative, and case-based approaches. The findings reveal that, although Indonesia has adopted several legal instruments relevant to digital technologies, including the Electronic Information and Transactions Law and its amendments, the Personal Data Protection Law, and various ethical guidelines, these instruments were not specifically designed to address the distinctive risks associated with AI systems. In particular, the absence of clear AI-specific definitions, risk-classification mechanisms, algorithmic transparency and audit requirements, mandatory human oversight, and rules on synthetic-content labeling creates substantial regulatory gaps that may undermine effective human rights protection. Comparative analysis indicates that Indonesia could draw on the EU AI Act’s risk-based regulatory framework, human oversight requirements, and transparency obligations; China’s approach to algorithm governance and synthetic-content labeling; and the U.S. sectoral model, particularly the Colorado AI Act and state privacy laws addressing transparency and discriminatory outcomes in automated decision-making. This study argues that Indonesia should establish a dedicated AI regulatory framework incorporating clear legal definitions, risk-based classification, algorithmic auditing, meaningful human oversight, transparency requirements, and synthetic-content labeling. Such a framework is essential to ensure that the development and deployment of AI systems remain consistent with human rights protection and legal certainty within Indonesia’s national legal order.
Co-Authors Abdul Rauf Adhika Mahindra Satya Eka Hendra Priyatna Haryono Haryono Ismayudin Yuliyzar Liza Nora Radian Salman Rosa Ristawati