Mukhlisin Mukhlisin
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia

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Physical Literacy Profile of Indonesian Children Aged 6-8 Years: Preliminary Normative Data and Interpretive Guidelines Using the Physical Literacy in Children Questionnaire (PL-C Quest) Didin Budiman; Agus Mahendra; Achmad Syakur Fahri; Messa Rahmi; Ricky Wibowo; Mukhlisin Mukhlisin; Dian Budiana; Suherman Slamet; Anira Anira
Journal of Sport Science and Fitness Vol. 12 No. 1 (2026): Journal of Sport Science and Fitness
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jssf.v12i1.36268

Abstract

Background: Physical literacy (PL) is recognized as a fundamental concept for encouraging children to engage in lifelong physical activity and achieve healthy outcomes. However, in Indonesia, normative data and interpretive criteria for assessing children’s physical literacy are lacking. The Physical Literacy in Children Questionnaire (PL-C Quest) is a validated pictorial self-report tool, but no interpretation guidelines exist for its use in Indonesian contexts. Objectives: This study aimed to establish baseline normative data and preliminary interpretive guidelines for the PL-C Quest in Indonesian children aged 6–8 years. Method: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted with 50 children (19 boys, 31 girls) aged 6–8 years, recruited from Indonesian elementary schools. Each child completed the 30-item PL-C Quest, which uses cartoon illustrations to assess perceived physical literacy across four domains (Physical, Psychological, Social, Cognitive). Descriptive statistics (means, standard deviations, ranges, percentiles) were calculated for total and domain scores. Preliminary percentile-based categories were developed to interpret individual scores. Result: The mean overall PL-C Quest score was 90.22 ± 11.74 (out of 120; ~75.2% of the maximum), with a median of 92 and range of 59–112. Domain scores (as percentages of their maximums) were highest in the social domain (79.3%), followed by Physical (77.0%), Psychological (72.4%), and Cognitive (71.6%). Five interpretive categories were defined: Very High, ≥102 points, High, 97–102, Moderate, 80–97, Low, 71–80, and Very Low, ≤71. Boys scored marginally higher on average than girls (91.53 vs. 89.42), and scores showed a slight decline with increasing age (mean for 6-year-olds 98.67; 7-year-olds 90.84; 8-year-olds 87.20). Conclusion: This study provides the first normative data on physical literacy for Indonesian children, revealing generally high perceived physical literacy with strengths in social interaction and physical competence. Areas for improvement include the cognitive and psychological domains. The new percentile-based categories offer educators and practitioners practical benchmarks for interpreting PL-C Quest scores and identifying children who may benefit from targeted interventions. These findings supply a crucial baseline for developing physical literacy programs and future research in Indonesia.
Pengaruh Pembelajaran Aktivitas Gerak Berirama terhadap Peningkatan Keseimbangan dan Kelincahan Gerak Tio Ilham Wahyudi; Ricky Wibowo; Mukhlisin Mukhlisin
Jurnal Porkes Vol 9 No 3 (2026): September: Article in Progress
Publisher : Universitas Hamzanwadi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29408/porkes.v9i3.35565

Abstract

Balance and agility are fundamental motor components that support movement proficiency and physical performance among elementary school students. This study aimed to examine the effect of rhythmic movement learning on improving students’ dynamic balance and agility. The research employed a quantitative approach using a pre-experimental method with a One-Group Pretest-Posttest design. The sample consisted of 32 fourth-grade students from SDN 205 Neglasari, Bandung City, selected through a total sampling technique. Data were collected using the Modified Bass Test of Dynamic Balance to assess dynamic balance and the TKSI Phase B T-Test to measure agility. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics, the Shapiro-Wilk normality test, and a paired sample t-test, and Cohen's d effect size analysis. The results showed a significant improvement in dynamic balance (t(31) = -38.906; p < 0.001; N-Gain = 0.437; d = 2,495) and agility (t(31) = 9.291; p < 0.001; N-Gain = 0.314; d = 0.680). These findings indicate that rhythmic movement learning can be an effective and engaging physical education approach for enhancing motor skill development among elementary school students.