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All Journal Indonesian Journal of Global Health Research
Nurul Huda Zaen
Universitas Sebelas Maret

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Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Measuring Abdominal Subcutaneous Fat Thickness Using an Ultrasound Nunik Rahayu; Dono Indarto; Tri Nugraha Susilawati; Nurul Huda Zaen
Indonesian Journal of Global Health Research Vol. 8 No. 5 (2026): Indonesian Journal of Global Health Research
Publisher : GLOBAL HEALTH SCIENCE GROUP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37287/ijghr.v8i5.2136

Abstract

Obesity prevalence is rising globally, including in Indonesia. Conventional methods (BMI, WHR, BIA) cannot directly measure subcutaneous fat thickness. Ultrasound (USG) offers a safe, non-invasive alternative. To evaluate the use of ultrasound in measuring subcutaneous fat thickness across all age groups. Articles were searched in ScienceDirect, Scopus, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar following PRISMA guidelines. A random-effects meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.4. Articles published from January 1, 2016, to December 31, 2025, using the keywords “subcutaneous fat” OR “adipose tissue” AND “ultrasonography” OR “ultrasound” AND ‘reliability’ OR “Intraclass Correlation Coefficient” OR “ICC”; out of 2,553 articles reviewed, 10. Ten cross-sectional studies across various age groups were analyzed. The pooled ICC was 0.99, indicating near-perfect reliability. Reliability was consistently high in children, adults, and the elderly. USG outperformed skinfold calipers and showed comparable results to MRI, with minimal measurement error (~1 mm). Heterogeneity was high due to differences in USG modes, populations, and operator expertise, but all studies reported reliability above the acceptable threshold. Funnel plot analysis showed high precision and no significant publication bias. Ultrasound is a highly reliable method for measuring abdominal subcutaneous fat thickness across all age groups, making it suitable for widespread application in research and clinical practice.
Associations of Eating Behavior, Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Intake, and Physical Activity with Body Mass Index and Waist Circumference Nurul Huda Zaen; Dono Indarto; Sajidan Sajidan
Indonesian Journal of Global Health Research Vol. 8 No. 5 (2026): Indonesian Journal of Global Health Research
Publisher : GLOBAL HEALTH SCIENCE GROUP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37287/ijghr.v8i5.2279

Abstract

The high prevalence of obesity in Indonesia relates to dietary shifts, yet concurrent studies on appetitive traits (AEBQ), sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) intake, and physical activity (GPAQ) remain limited. To investigate their associations with BMI and waist circumference (WC) in adults in Surakarta. Methods: A cross-sectional study utilized consecutive sampling to include 99 adults (73.7% female, mean age 49.3 years) at three primary health centers. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and anthropometric measurements (body weight, height, and waist circumference).  Multiple linear regression with bootstrap convidence intervals (1000 resamples). In the BMI model, significant positive associations were found for female sex (β=1.80; 95% CI –0.50 to 4.10; p=0.025), married (β=1.89; 95% CI –0.82 to 4.59; p=0.011), family history of obesity (β=4.41; 95% CI 0.88 to 7.93; p=0.014), moderate SSB intake (β=2.34; 95% CI 0.05 to 4.63; p=0.045), and excessive SSB intake (β=1.65; 95% CI 0.60 to 2.71; p=0.008). College education was inversely associated (β=–6.08; 95% CI –10.50 to –1.66; p=0.007). For WC, moderate (β=4.94; 95% CI 3.80 to 6.09; p<0.001) and excessive SSB intake (β=9.54; 95% CI 8.42 to 10.66; p<0.001) were the strongest predictors. Family history of obesity (β=8.75; 95% CI 0.82 to 16.68; p=0.031) and first-hand smoking (β=5.83; 95% CI 1.05 to 10.61; p=0.024) were also associated with larger WC, while intermediate (β=–20.55; 95% CI –38.32 to –2.78; p=0.023) and college education (β=–21.51; 95% CI –38.73 to –4.29; p=0.014) were protective. Physical activity and appetitive traits were not significant. High SSB consumption is independently associated with elevated BMI and central adiposity. Higher education was protective; family history of obesity and smoking increased risk.
Co-Authors Dono Indarto Nunik Rahayu Sajidan Tri Nugraha Susilawati