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All Journal Psychological Research on Urban Society
Otgaar, Henry
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Differences between Bilinguals and Monolinguals in False Memory Production? A Look into the DRM Paradigm Using Contextual Details Riesthuis, Paul; Otgaar, Henry; Wang, Jianqin
Psychological Research on Urban Society Vol. 2, No. 2
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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This study compared false memory production in Spanish monolinguals and Spanish-Catalan bilinguals. We used an adjusted Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) false memory paradigm and presented the participants with eight Spanish DRM lists containing 12 words each, along with figures and colors to manipulate contextual details. Free recall results showed higher true recall levels in bilinguals than in monolinguals. However, we did not find notable false memory differences between the monolinguals and bilinguals. We found no differences in the amount of contextual details added in the true and false recall, indicating that levels of confidence in memories are similar in the two groups. Implications of the findings are discussed.
A Brief Reflection on Open Science Otgaar, Henry
Psychological Research on Urban Society Vol. 3, No. 1
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Consequences of False Memories in Eyewitness Testimony: A Review and Implications for Chinese Legal Practice Wang, Jianqin; Otgaar, Henry; Smeets, Tom; Howe, Mark L.; Merckelbach, Harald; Zhou, Chu
Psychological Research on Urban Society Vol. 1, No. 1
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False memories can result in severe legal consequences including the imprisonment of innocent people. False memory in eyewitnesses is the largest factor contributing to miscarriages of justice in the United States. To date, no study has focused on how false memories might play a role in the Chinese legal system. The purpose of this review is to summarize the latest findings on false memory and eyewitness testimony in the literature, and to shed some light on how the Chinese legal system may incorporate these experiences into practice. Overall, false memories of eyewitnesses are generated either by external misleading information or by internal cognitive processes; false memories may guide police investigations in the wrong direction or cause eyewitnesses to misidentify an innocent person as the perpetrator. We conclude that specially designed interview protocols such as the Cognitive Interview, warnings given to eyewitnesses, and blind lineup administration may prevent or lower the risk of false memory occurrence.
Coping with Sexual Abuse Romeo, Tameka; Otgaar, Henry; Landström, Sara
Psychological Research on Urban Society Vol. 1, No. 1
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General consensus exists in the psychological literature with regard to what constitutes child sexual abuse (CSA) and the negative implications for victims of CSA throughout the course of their lives. Recently, different types of cognitive strategies that victims may use to cope with CSA and the possible effects of these coping strategies on memory have received considerable empirical attention. The first aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the current literature about why, how, and when victims of CSA use the cognitive coping strategies of false denial, disclosure, and recantation to cope with psychological, emotional, and even interpersonal implications of their abuse. Over the years, disclosure is the one strategy that has been researched extensively, whereas research on false denial and recantation has barely just begun. The second aim is to provide a recent overview of the relationship between coping strategies and memory in the context of CSA. Specifically, we will discuss how false denials may have the potential to negatively affect a victim’s memory. Finally, we present an argument for the need to undertake research into insufficiently examined coping strategies such as false denial and recantation.
Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Psychological Research Practices and Opportunities: Do We All Have the (Same) Chance? Boskovic, Irena; Perera, Nisali; Otgaar, Henry
Psychological Research on Urban Society Vol. 8, No. 2
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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The dominance of "WEIRD" (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic) authors might indicate significant differences in research practices between them and non-WEIRD researchers or highlight issues such as inequality and publishing bias. In this survey, using a convenience sample of researchers worldwide (N = 72), we examined current research practices and researchers' views on the feasibility of advancements in employed methodologies among and between researchers in both WEIRD and Non-WEIRD countries. Our results showed that research practices are fairly uniform across cultures, by researchers commonly relying on (student) convenience samples, using statistical packages such as SPSS and R, utilizing low-cost equipment, publishing once to five times a year, and contributing as reviewers and journal editors. Only significant differences were observed between WEIRD and Non-WEIRD researchers related to institutional support, such as opportunities for statistical consultancy and funding prospects. Respondents were supportive regarding progress in research practices, but cautioned that further developments might exacerbate existing inequalities, particularly at smaller and less funded institutions. Our main conclusion is that the visibility and outreach gap between WEIRD and non WEIRD researchers is primarily caused by systemic issues, rather than due to differences in research practices.
From p-Values to Practical Relevance: An Introduction to Effect Sizes Through a Legal Psychological Example Riesthuis, Paul; Otgaar, Henry; Setiawan, Tery; Sumampouw, Nathanael; Bücken, Charlotte
Psychological Research on Urban Society Vol. 8, No. 2
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Null-hypothesis significance testing and p-values are frequently criticized for their focus on detecting non-zero differences and their inability to provide evidence for the null hypothesis. In this article, we highlight how effect sizes, when meaningfully interpreted, can address these issues. Specifically, we argue that researchers should consider the smallest effect size of interest (SESOI) - the smallest effect size that yields practical or theoretical relevance. We propose several methods for estimating the SESOI and present a consensus study among Indonesian professionals which can be used to estimate the SESOI for child eyewitness testimony research. Results suggest that most Indonesian professionals consider one to two memory errors sufficient to take action, such as deeming testimony unreliable. We then showed how the SESOI, combined with confidence intervals, can be used data and power analyses (e.g., minimum-effect testing, equivalence testing). Finally, we emphasize that the practical relevance of an effect size should be carefully evaluated before making policy recommendations.
Co-Authors Boskovic, Irena Bücken, Charlotte Howe, Mark L. Landstrom, Sara Merckelbach, Harald Perera, Nisali Riesthuis, Paul Romeo, Tameka Smeets, Tom Sumampouw, Nathanael Tery Setiawan Wang, Jianqin Zhou, Chu