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International Organisations Efforts in Regulating Foreign Direct Investments in the Host States Hossain, Mohammad Belayet
Sriwijaya Law Review Volume 4 Issue 2, July 2020
Publisher : Faculty of Law, Sriwijaya University, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28946/slrev.Vol4.Iss2.405.pp187-204

Despite various efforts made by the international organisations over the decades, the idea of concluding an international agreement on foreign investment is still some way off. Due to the protest from the developing states, at this moment, international organisations do not have this item on their active agenda. The objective if this paper is to provide a thorough understanding of the law of foreign investment and the interplay between law and politics in regulating foreign investment. This paper examines two questions, namely, what are the efforts of the international organisations of regulating foreign investment? How has the law been interpreted over the years? Using doctrinal research method, this paper will critically analyse various international instruments in order to find out their effort to regulate FDI in host states. The findings of this study show that contribution made by the UN and other international organisations may not have led to a triumphant conclusion of a universal instrument but they have spelt out the main principles of law governing the treatment of foreign investment under international law.

Laws Relating to Women Trafficking in Bangladesh: A Comparative Study with Saarc Countries Fariha, Tahira Attia; Hossain, Mohammad Belayet
Research Horizon Vol. 4 No. 2 (2024): Research Horizon - April 2024
Publisher : LifeSciFi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.54518/rh.4.2.2024.21-30

Human trafficking, defined by actions involving recruitment, transportation, harboring, and exploitation through force, deception, or coercion, has seen a significant surge in women trafficking across Asia in recent years. This escalation in women trafficking has resulted in adverse physical and psychological health conditions for victims, often leading to social disadvantages. Given the substantial representation of women in a nation's population, injustices against them can hinder a nation's development. Within the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (Asosiasi Asia Selatan untuk Kerjasama Regional/SAARC) region, member states while sharing similarities, exhibit significant variations in their anti-women trafficking policies. This disparity prompts questions regarding the relative strength of each country's anti-women trafficking laws. Focusing on Bangladesh as a SAARC member state, this paper conducts a comparative study of Bangladesh's anti-women trafficking laws with those of other SAARC countries to assess the impact and effectiveness of existing laws in combating women trafficking.

Bangladeshi Migrant Workers’ Rights on the Front-lines of Covid-19 Epidemic: A Socio-legal Approach of Kafala System in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Countries Anowara, Fatema; Hossain, Mohammad Belayet
Lex Publica Vol. 8 No. 1 (2021)
Publisher : APPTHI

The global shutdown resulting from the Covid-19 pandemic led the manpower industry to go through the toughest time in its history. As a result, Bangladeshi workers, on whom the wheel of the economy of Bangladesh is heavily dependent, are facing racism and systematic abuse of human rights across the Gulf Corporation Council (GCC) countries. Even prior to the pandemic, they were either exploited or not provided the working conditions and remunerations that they were promised. In this context, this study focuses to address the violation of human rights of migrant workers, including their families, due to the after-effect of Covid-19 epidemic and identifying the barriers they are facing in GCC countries. Using qualitative research method, this study will explore whether there is any legal solution for those migrant workers and their families and what sorts of rights need to be protected under National and International laws. In addition, this study will also focus on the responsibilities of their home and host states to fulfill them. Based on the findings, this study will provide various recommendations that could be considered by the Government of Bangladesh either by building skilled workers or by improving the enforcement of existing legislation or by bilateral investment treaties (BITs) with the Gulf State. Abstrak Shutdown global akibat pandemi Covid-19 membuat industri tenaga kerja mengalami masa terberat dalam sejarahnya. Akibatnya, pekerja Bangladesh, yang sangat bergantung pada roda ekonomi Bangladesh, menghadapi rasisme dan pelanggaran hak asasi manusia secara sistematis di seluruh negara Dewan Perusahaan Teluk (Gulf Corporation Council/GCC). Bahkan sebelum pandemi mereka dieksploitasi atau tidak diberikan kondisi kerja dan remunerasi yang dijanjikan. Dalam konteks ini, studi ini berfokus pada penanganan pelanggaran hak asasi pekerja migran termasuk keluarganya akibat dampak lanjutan dari epidemi Covid-19 dan untuk mengidentifikasi hambatan yang mereka hadapi di negara-negara GCC. Dengan menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif, penelitian ini akan mengeksplorasi apakah ada solusi hukum bagi para pekerja migran dan keluarganya, dan hak-hak apa yang perlu dilindungi berdasarkan hukum Nasional dan Internasional. Selain itu, studi ini juga akan fokus pada tanggung jawab negara asal dan tuan rumah mereka untuk memenuhinya. Berdasarkan temuan tersebut, studi ini akan memberikan berbagai rekomendasi yang dapat dipertimbangkan oleh Pemerintah Bangladesh baik dengan membangun pekerja terampil atau dengan meningkatkan penegakan undang-undang yang ada atau dengan perjanjian investasi bilateral (bilateral investment treaties/BIT) dengan Negara Teluk. Kata kunci: Pekerja Migran, Covid-19, Migran Domestik atau Ilegal, Sistem Kafala, Pelanggaran Hak

Implementation of Diplomatic Assurance Against Torture: The Way to Reduce the Refugee Crisis in South Asia Samanta, Chowdhury Nujhat; Hossain, Mohammad Belayet
Lex Publica Vol. 9 No. 1 (2022)
Publisher : APPTHI

States aim to send refugees back to their home countries in order to end the refugee crisis in their nation. Due to the human rights situation in the countries of origin, this can occasionally be problematic; the return involves the prohibition of refoulment and the prevention of torture or other cruel treatment. States are not allowed to use torture, including putting someone in a position where they might be tortured. For a very long time, diplomatic guarantees have been employed as a defense against the death penalty or unfair trials. From that time, states used to rely on guarantees for a returnee’s treatment. The guarantees were protected at the diplomatic level of relations between nations. In this research, subject to legal value, the reliability of diplomatic assurance is measured as well as an assessment has been made about the current state of south Asian nations that have hosted refugees for an extended time. This paper also supports the use of diplomatic assurance as a workable option to alleviate the refugee crisis where developed countries can contribute the best. The findings indicate that there is no specific legal framework to support such assurances in different south Asian developing as well as other developed countries. There is even a lack of research in this regard. South Asian nations could take seven factors into account according to the recommendations of the study. So, it is necessary to implement the recommendations to reach the goal of solving the refugee situation. Abstrak Negara bertujuan untuk mengirim pengungsi kembali ke negara asal mereka untuk mengakhiri krisis pengungsi di negara mereka. Karena situasi hak asasi manusia di negara asal, hal ini terkadang menimbulkan masalah; pengembalian melibatkan larangan refoulment dan pencegahan penyiksaan atau perlakuan kejam lainnya. Negara tidak diperbolehkan menggunakan penyiksaan, termasuk menempatkan seseorang pada posisi di mana mereka mungkin disiksa. Untuk waktu yang sangat lama, jaminan diplomatik digunakan sebagai pembelaan terhadap hukuman mati atau pengadilan yang tidak adil. Sejak saat itu, negara biasanya mengandalkan jaminan untuk perawatan orang yang kembali. Jaminan tersebut dilindungi pada tingkat diplomatik hubungan antar negara. Dalam penelitian ini, tunduk pada nilai hukum, keandalan jaminan diplomatik diukur serta penilaian telah dibuat tentang keadaan negara-negara Asia Selatan saat ini yang telah lama menampung pengungsi. Tulisan ini juga mendukung penggunaan jaminan diplomasi sebagai opsi yang dapat diterapkan untuk mengurangi krisis pengungsi di mana negara maju dapat memberikan kontribusi terbaiknya. Temuan menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada kerangka hukum khusus untuk mendukung jaminan tersebut di berbagai negara berkembang Asia Selatan serta negara maju lainnya. Bahkan ada kekurangan penelitian dalam hal ini. Negara-negara Asia Selatan dapat mempertimbangkan tujuh faktor sesuai dengan rekomendasi penelitian. Jadi, perlu untuk menerapkan rekomendasi untuk mencapai tujuan penyelesaian situasi pengungsi. Kata kunci: Negara Asia Selatan, Pengungsi, Negara Maju, Jaminan Diplomatik

Compliance of the Bangladesh Legal Policies with the ILO Convention on the Prohibition of Child Labor Hossain, Mohammad Belayet
Lex Publica Vol. 7 No. 2 (2020)
Publisher : APPTHI

This article aims to discuss the legal policy framework in Bangladesh laws prohibiting child workers. The law has banned children from doing hazardous work, but does not define the term ‘dangerous work’. Article 44 of the 2006 Bangladesh Labor Act contradicts the 1973 ILO Minimum Age Convention. In most cases, multinational enterprises (MNEs) agents or supply chains employ children; but foreign investors also have the same responsibility to oversee the local operations of their counterparties. So, it is very important to ensure the protection of the human rights of child workers. Broadly speaking, the findings highlight the need for providing justice, legal certainty and human rights consideration in specifying worker rights such as education, fair wages, limited working hours, safe working conditions, and health protection which must be guaranteed through labor laws. Abstrak Artikel ini bertujuan untuk membahas kerangka kebijakan hukum dalam undang-undang Bangladesh dalam pelarangan pekerja anak. Undang-undang telah melarang anak-anak melakukan pekerjaan berbahaya; tetapi tidak mendefinisikan istilah 'pekerjaan berbahaya'. Pasal 44 Undang-Undang Ketenagakerjaan Bangladesh tahun 2006 bertentangan dengan Konvensi Usia Minimum ILO tahun 1973. Dalam kebanyakan kasus, agen atau rantai pasokan perusahaan multinasional (MNEs) mempekerjakan anak-anak; tetapi investor asing juga memiliki tanggung jawab yang sama untuk mengawasi operasi lokal rekanan mereka. Jadi, sangat penting untuk memastikan perlindungan hak asasi manusia pekerja anak. Secara garis besar, temuan tersebut menyoroti perlunya memberikan keadilan, kepastian hukum dan pertimbangan hak asasi manusia dalam menetapkan hak-hak pekerja seperti pendidikan, upah yang adil, jam kerja yang terbatas, kondisi kerja yang aman, dan perlindungan kesehatan yang harus dijamin melalui undang-undang ketenagakerjaan. Kata kunci: Kebijakan Hukum, Perburuhan, Pekerja Anak, Konvensi ILO, Bangladesh

Role of Environmental Law and International Conventions in Mitigating Climate Change Effects on Food System and Livestock Production Chowdhury, Amtul; Hossain, Mohammad Belayet
Lex Publica Vol. 8 No. 2 (2021)
Publisher : APPTHI

Climate change nowadays is a global threat that is driven by human-induced greenhouse gas emissions and the changeable pattern of global weather. Though there have been previous periods of climatic change since the mid-20th century, humans have had an unprecedented impact on earth’s climate system and caused change on a global scale. Consequently, this is affecting the whole food system throughout the world. The utilization of the international legal framework and protocols will have an impact on the human’s food system and livestock production. This paper intends to focus on using legal frameworks and protocols to erase the impact of climate change on the food system and livestock production. By using the quantitative research method due to the pandemic situation, this study will explain the broad uses of the Kyoto protocol and Polluter Pays Principle and shall discuss various methods that will help these principles to erase the negative impact of climate change globally. Based on the findings, this paper provides recommendations that could be considered by the developed country to use the legal and social protocols for improving the impact of climate change on the food chain system of humans and livestock production. Abstrak Perubahan iklim saat ini merupakan ancaman global yang didorong oleh emisi gas rumah kaca yang disebabkan oleh manusia dan perubahan pola cuaca global. Meskipun telah terjadi periode perubahan iklim sebelumnya, sejak pertengahan abad ke-20 manusia telah memberikan dampak yang belum pernah terjadi sebelumnya pada sistem iklim Bumi dan menyebabkan perubahan dalam skala global. Akibatnya, ini mempengaruhi seluruh sistem pangan di seluruh dunia. Pemanfaatan kerangka hukum dan protokol internasional akan berdampak pada sistem pangan manusia dan produksi ternak. Makalah ini bermaksud untuk fokus pada pemanfaatan kerangka hukum dan protokol untuk menghapus dampak perubahan iklim terhadap sistem pangan dan produksi ternak. Dengan menggunakan metode penelitian kuantitatif karena situasi pandemi, penelitian ini akan menjelaskan penggunaan yang lebih luas dari protokol Kyoto, Polluter Pays Principle dan akan membahas berbagai metode yang akan membantu prinsip-prinsip ini untuk menghapus dampak negatif perubahan iklim secara global. Berdasarkan temuan makalah ini memberikan rekomendasi yang dapat dipertimbangkan oleh negara maju untuk menggunakan protokol hukum dan sosial untuk meningkatkan dampak perubahan iklim sistem rantai makanan manusia dan produksi ternak. Kata kunci: Perubahan iklim, Emisi rumah kaca, Produksi ternak, Protokol Kyoto, Prinsip pencemar membayar

Patriarchy and the Rights of Rape Victims: Law and Practice Barua, Udita; Hossain, Mohammad Belayet
Lex Publica Vol. 9 No. 1 (2022)
Publisher : APPTHI

Rape is one of the most heinous forms of violence against women around the world. People are getting more civilized and educated but this gruesome crime is increasing in an alarming rate. Moreover, it is the least reported crime in the world and sadly Bangladesh is no exception. This social misdeed is creating a society that disregards women and children’s rights and safety. As an effect, victims are blamed in most cases and rapist get away through the loophole of the law. Thus, there is an unending suffering of victims and their families are humiliated or disgraced in the society. The purpose of this research is to show how the rights of rape victims are protected in Bangladesh. This paper is also going to manifest in what extent those provisions are applicable in a practical way. This study also evaluated various Bangladeshi laws and tried to find out the barriers to execute them. The paper has identified many loopholes in the existing legal system and provided recommendations to stop this despicable social illness. Abstrak Pemerkosaan adalah salah satu bentuk kekerasan paling keji terhadap perempuan di seluruh dunia. Orang-orang menjadi lebih beradab dan berpendidikan tetapi kejahatan mengerikan ini meningkat dengan kecepatan yang mengkhawatirkan. Selain itu, ini adalah kejahatan yang paling sedikit dilaporkan di dunia dan sayangnya Bangladesh tidak terkecuali. Kejahatan sosial ini menciptakan masyarakat yang mengabaikan hak dan keamanan perempuan dan anak-anak. Akibatnya, korban disalahkan dalam banyak kasus dan pemerkosa lolos melalui celah hukum. Dengan demikian, tidak ada habisnya penderitaan para korban dan keluarganya yang direndahkan atau dipermalukan di masyarakat. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menunjukkan bagaimana hak-hak korban perkosaan dilindungi di Bangladesh. Makalah ini juga akan memanifestasikan sejauh mana ketentuan tersebut dapat diterapkan secara praktis. Studi ini juga mengevaluasi berbagai undang-undang Bangladesh dan mencoba mencari tahu hambatan untuk mengeksekusinya. Makalah ini telah mengidentifikasi banyak celah dalam sistem hukum yang ada dan memberikan rekomendasi untuk menghentikan penyakit sosial yang tercela ini. Kata kunci: Pemerkosa, pemerkosaan anak, pemerintah, bunuh diri, patriarki

Micro Plastic Pollution in South Asia: The Impact of Plastic Pollution over the Unsustainable Development Goals Rifa, Tasfiea; Hossain, Mohammad Belayet
Lex Publica Vol. 9 No. 2 (2022)
Publisher : APPTHI

One of the most pressing environmental issues facing the world right now is plastic waste. Once in the environment, plastics continuously degrade into microplastics, which are fragments of plastic. There are more national and international promises to reduce microplastic pollution as the world's plastic production rises. National governments are increasingly banning single-use plastic products or imposing taxes on them. Consider the UN Sustainable Development Goals, the UN Environment Assembly Resolutions on Marine Litter and Microplastics, and Addressing Single-Use Plastic Products Pollution as examples of these commitments. In 2015, the UN announced the adoption of 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In an effort to increase their sustainability, the SDGs have been extensively adopted by governments and businesses. There are 17 SDGs, comprising 169 targets, which are measurable against 247 unique indicators but there is only one indicator under Goal 14, specifically related to reducing impacts from microplastics. There are various international and regional legal policies which have provisions that indicate plastic pollution but none of them have mentioned microplastic pollution. There are some recent national legislations regarding microplastic pollution. This paper briefly discusses the concept of microplastics and the situation of microplastics pollution in selected South Asian countries including India, Bangladesh, Maldives, Sri Lanka and Pakistan. There is a brief overview of international and regional legal policies along with litigations are cultivated in this paper. The paper also analyzes the impact of plastic pollution over The Un Sustainable Development Goals. Abstrak. Salah satu masalah lingkungan paling mendesak yang dihadapi dunia saat ini adalah sampah plastik. Begitu berada di lingkungan, plastik terus terdegradasi menjadi mikroplastik, yang merupakan pecahan plastik. Ada lebih banyak janji nasional dan internasional untuk mengurangi polusi mikroplastik saat produksi plastik dunia meningkat. Pemerintah nasional semakin melarang produk plastik sekali pakai atau mengenakan pajak pada mereka. Pertimbangkan Tujuan Pembangunan Berkelanjutan PBB, Resolusi Majelis Lingkungan PBB tentang Sampah Laut dan Mikroplastik, dan Mengatasi Polusi Produk Plastik Sekali Pakai sebagai contoh dari komitmen ini. Pada 2015, PBB mengumumkan adopsi 17 Tujuan Pembangunan Berkelanjutan (SDGs). Dalam upaya meningkatkan keberlanjutannya, SDGs telah diadopsi secara luas oleh pemerintah dan bisnis. Ada 17 SDGs, yang terdiri dari 169 target, yang dapat diukur dengan 247 indikator unik, tetapi hanya ada satu indikator di bawah Tujuan 14, khususnya terkait pengurangan dampak mikroplastik. Terdapat berbagai kebijakan hukum internasional dan regional yang memiliki ketentuan yang mengindikasikan pencemaran plastik namun belum ada satupun yang menyebutkan pencemaran mikroplastik. Ada beberapa undang-undang nasional baru-baru ini mengenai polusi mikroplastik. Makalah ini membahas secara singkat konsep mikroplastik dan situasi polusi mikroplastik di negara-negara Asia Selatan tertentu termasuk India, Bangladesh, Maladewa, Sri Lanka, dan Pakistan. Ada gambaran singkat tentang kebijakan hukum internasional dan regional beserta litigasi yang digarap dalam tulisan ini. Makalah ini juga menganalisis dampak polusi plastik terhadap Tujuan Pembangunan Berkelanjutan PBB. Kata kunci: Mikroplastik, polusi, sampah plastik, tujuan pembangunan berkelanjutan.

Alternative Criminal Punishments for the Settlement of Misdemeanor in a Social Justice Perspective Zulyadi, Rizkan; Hossain, Mohammad Belayet
LAW REFORM Vol 18, No 1 (2022)
Publisher : PROGRAM STUDI MAGISTER ILMU HUKUM FAKULTAS HUKUM UNIVERSITAS DIPONEGORO SEMARANG

The national law has a clear vision to realize a just and democratic rule of law. Criminal legal system serves to protect the interests of the society and the nation. Criminal law enforcement nowadays is no longer directed at enforcing crimes, but also to cope with humanitarian interest in criminal actions, especially when it has to defend against misdemeanor. This paper aims to analyze the current dynamics in how Indonesian criminal law contextualize its existence in facing misdemeanor. By using juridical and normative approach with descriptive analytical technique, the results showed inadaptability of criminal law with misdemeanor cases. The results highlight that as a complex part of socio-economic and legal problem, misdemeanor is dynamically challenging legal system and criminalization. This study demonstrated the need for alternative penalties for minor crimes as an integral part of reforming the Indonesian Criminal Code. More specifically, this study shows several requirements that need to be met in the legalization of alternative criminal penalties for minor crimes. In addition, alternative punishments can provide benefits to the community, such as involving criminals in community service and unpaid work. The recommendations are pointed out regarding the application of alternative criminal penalties for minor crimes.

Economic Opportunities of Offshore Banking and Regulatory Responses to Money Laundering Risks: A Comparative Study Chandra, Tofik Yanuar; Hossain, Mohammad Belayet; Zakhiri Md. Nor, Mohd; Abu Taher, Mohammad
Jurnal Hukum Vol 40, No 2 (2024): Jurnal Hukum
Publisher : Unissula

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30659/jh.40.2.153-173

Offshore banking offers significant opportunities for foreign investment and economic growth in developing countries, particularly for free trade zones and industrial sectors. However, it also presents potential risks related to money laundering if Anti-Money Laundering (AML) regulatory frameworks are not properly established or reinforced. This research aims to explore the potential economic benefits of developing comprehensive regulatory frameworks for offshore banking in Indonesia, while also mitigating the risks of money laundering and financial crime. To achieve this, the research adopts a qualitative approach, utilizing a comparative method to analyze the offshore banking regulations of Malaysia, Bangladesh, and Indonesia. The findings reveal that Malaysia has been utilizing offshore banking since 1990 in Labuan, while Bangladesh is currently enacting the Offshore Banking Act (OBA) 2024. Indonesia’s AML framework, under Law No. 8 of 2010, has made progress, but challenges remain in its implementation, especially concerning offshore banking. The research highlights that while Malaysia and Bangladesh have established frameworks to regulate offshore banking, Indonesia still faces regulatory gaps, particularly in managing the risks of offshore financial activities. The implication is that while offshore banking holds potential, its regulation must be reinforced to prevent its use in money laundering activities, including through international cooperation.

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