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International Organisations Efforts in Regulating Foreign Direct Investments in the Host States Hossain, Mohammad Belayet
Sriwijaya Law Review Volume 4 Issue 2, July 2020
Publisher : Faculty of Law, Sriwijaya University, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28946/slrev.Vol4.Iss2.405.pp187-204

Abstract

Despite various efforts made by the international organisations over the decades, the idea of concluding an international agreement on foreign investment is still some way off. Due to the protest from the developing states, at this moment, international organisations do not have this item on their active agenda. The objective if this paper is to provide a thorough understanding of the law of foreign investment and the interplay between law and politics in regulating foreign investment. This paper examines two questions, namely, what are the efforts of the international organisations of regulating foreign investment? How has the law been interpreted over the years? Using doctrinal research method, this paper will critically analyse various international instruments in order to find out their effort to regulate FDI in host states. The findings of this study show that contribution made by the UN and other international organisations may not have led to a triumphant conclusion of a universal instrument but they have spelt out the main principles of law governing the treatment of foreign investment under international law.
Laws Relating to Women Trafficking in Bangladesh: A Comparative Study with Saarc Countries Fariha, Tahira Attia; Hossain, Mohammad Belayet
Research Horizon Vol. 4 No. 2 (2024): Research Horizon - April 2024
Publisher : LifeSciFi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.54518/rh.4.2.2024.236

Abstract

Human trafficking, defined by actions involving recruitment, transportation, harboring, and exploitation through force, deception, or coercion, has seen a significant surge in women trafficking across Asia in recent years. This escalation in women trafficking has resulted in adverse physical and psychological health conditions for victims, often leading to social disadvantages. Given the substantial representation of women in a nation's population, injustices against them can hinder a nation's development. Within the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (Asosiasi Asia Selatan untuk Kerjasama Regional/SAARC) region, member states while sharing similarities, exhibit significant variations in their anti-women trafficking policies. This disparity prompts questions regarding the relative strength of each country's anti-women trafficking laws. Focusing on Bangladesh as a SAARC member state, this paper conducts a comparative study of Bangladesh's anti-women trafficking laws with those of other SAARC countries to assess the impact and effectiveness of existing laws in combating women trafficking.
Bangladeshi Migrant Workers’ Rights on the Front-lines of Covid-19 Epidemic: A Socio-legal Approach of Kafala System in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Countries Anowara, Fatema; Hossain, Mohammad Belayet
Lex Publica Vol. 8 No. 1 (2021)
Publisher : APPTHI

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (233.989 KB) | DOI: 10.58829/lp.8.1.2021.15-30

Abstract

The global shutdown resulting from the Covid-19 pandemic led the manpower industry to go through the toughest time in its history. As a result, Bangladeshi workers, on whom the wheel of the economy of Bangladesh is heavily dependent, are facing racism and systematic abuse of human rights across the Gulf Corporation Council (GCC) countries. Even prior to the pandemic, they were either exploited or not provided the working conditions and remunerations that they were promised. In this context, this study focuses to address the violation of human rights of migrant workers, including their families, due to the after-effect of Covid-19 epidemic and identifying the barriers they are facing in GCC countries. Using qualitative research method, this study will explore whether there is any legal solution for those migrant workers and their families and what sorts of rights need to be protected under National and International laws. In addition, this study will also focus on the responsibilities of their home and host states to fulfill them. Based on the findings, this study will provide various recommendations that could be considered by the Government of Bangladesh either by building skilled workers or by improving the enforcement of existing legislation or by bilateral investment treaties (BITs) with the Gulf State. Abstrak Shutdown global akibat pandemi Covid-19 membuat industri tenaga kerja mengalami masa terberat dalam sejarahnya. Akibatnya, pekerja Bangladesh, yang sangat bergantung pada roda ekonomi Bangladesh, menghadapi rasisme dan pelanggaran hak asasi manusia secara sistematis di seluruh negara Dewan Perusahaan Teluk (Gulf Corporation Council/GCC). Bahkan sebelum pandemi mereka dieksploitasi atau tidak diberikan kondisi kerja dan remunerasi yang dijanjikan. Dalam konteks ini, studi ini berfokus pada penanganan pelanggaran hak asasi pekerja migran termasuk keluarganya akibat dampak lanjutan dari epidemi Covid-19 dan untuk mengidentifikasi hambatan yang mereka hadapi di negara-negara GCC. Dengan menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif, penelitian ini akan mengeksplorasi apakah ada solusi hukum bagi para pekerja migran dan keluarganya, dan hak-hak apa yang perlu dilindungi berdasarkan hukum Nasional dan Internasional. Selain itu, studi ini juga akan fokus pada tanggung jawab negara asal dan tuan rumah mereka untuk memenuhinya. Berdasarkan temuan tersebut, studi ini akan memberikan berbagai rekomendasi yang dapat dipertimbangkan oleh Pemerintah Bangladesh baik dengan membangun pekerja terampil atau dengan meningkatkan penegakan undang-undang yang ada atau dengan perjanjian investasi bilateral (bilateral investment treaties/BIT) dengan Negara Teluk. Kata kunci: Pekerja Migran, Covid-19, Migran Domestik atau Ilegal, Sistem Kafala, Pelanggaran Hak
Compliance of the Bangladesh Legal Policies with the ILO Convention on the Prohibition of Child Labor Hossain, Mohammad Belayet
Lex Publica Vol. 7 No. 2 (2020)
Publisher : APPTHI

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (189.063 KB) | DOI: 10.58829/lp.7.2.2020.15-23

Abstract

This article aims to discuss the legal policy framework in Bangladesh laws prohibiting child workers. The law has banned children from doing hazardous work, but does not define the term ‘dangerous work’. Article 44 of the 2006 Bangladesh Labor Act contradicts the 1973 ILO Minimum Age Convention. In most cases, multinational enterprises (MNEs) agents or supply chains employ children; but foreign investors also have the same responsibility to oversee the local operations of their counterparties. So, it is very important to ensure the protection of the human rights of child workers. Broadly speaking, the findings highlight the need for providing justice, legal certainty and human rights consideration in specifying worker rights such as education, fair wages, limited working hours, safe working conditions, and health protection which must be guaranteed through labor laws.  Abstrak Artikel ini bertujuan untuk membahas kerangka kebijakan hukum dalam undang-undang Bangladesh dalam pelarangan pekerja anak. Undang-undang telah melarang anak-anak melakukan pekerjaan berbahaya; tetapi tidak mendefinisikan istilah 'pekerjaan berbahaya'. Pasal 44 Undang-Undang Ketenagakerjaan Bangladesh tahun 2006 bertentangan dengan Konvensi Usia Minimum ILO tahun 1973. Dalam kebanyakan kasus, agen atau rantai pasokan perusahaan multinasional (MNEs) mempekerjakan anak-anak; tetapi investor asing juga memiliki tanggung jawab yang sama untuk mengawasi operasi lokal rekanan mereka. Jadi, sangat penting untuk memastikan perlindungan hak asasi manusia pekerja anak. Secara garis besar, temuan tersebut menyoroti perlunya memberikan keadilan, kepastian hukum dan pertimbangan hak asasi manusia dalam menetapkan hak-hak pekerja seperti pendidikan, upah yang adil, jam kerja yang terbatas, kondisi kerja yang aman, dan perlindungan kesehatan yang harus dijamin melalui undang-undang ketenagakerjaan. Kata kunci: Kebijakan Hukum, Perburuhan, Pekerja Anak, Konvensi ILO, Bangladesh
Role of Environmental Law and International Conventions in Mitigating Climate Change Effects on Food System and Livestock Production Chowdhury, Amtul; Hossain, Mohammad Belayet
Lex Publica Vol. 8 No. 2 (2021)
Publisher : APPTHI

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (236.754 KB) | DOI: 10.58829/lp.8.2.2021.14-28

Abstract

Climate change nowadays is a global threat that is driven by human-induced greenhouse gas emissions and the changeable pattern of global weather. Though there have been previous periods of climatic change since the mid-20th century, humans have had an unprecedented impact on earth’s climate system and caused change on a global scale. Consequently, this is affecting the whole food system throughout the world. The utilization of the international legal framework and protocols will have an impact on the human’s food system and livestock production. This paper intends to focus on using legal frameworks and protocols to erase the impact of climate change on the food system and livestock production. By using the quantitative research method due to the pandemic situation, this study will explain the broad uses of the Kyoto protocol and Polluter Pays Principle and shall discuss various methods that will help these principles to erase the negative impact of climate change globally. Based on the findings, this paper provides recommendations that could be considered by the developed country to use the legal and social protocols for improving the impact of climate change on the food chain system of humans and livestock production. Abstrak Perubahan iklim saat ini merupakan ancaman global yang didorong oleh emisi gas rumah kaca yang disebabkan oleh manusia dan perubahan pola cuaca global. Meskipun telah terjadi periode perubahan iklim sebelumnya, sejak pertengahan abad ke-20 manusia telah memberikan dampak yang belum pernah terjadi sebelumnya pada sistem iklim Bumi dan menyebabkan perubahan dalam skala global. Akibatnya, ini mempengaruhi seluruh sistem pangan di seluruh dunia. Pemanfaatan kerangka hukum dan protokol internasional akan berdampak pada sistem pangan manusia dan produksi ternak. Makalah ini bermaksud untuk fokus pada pemanfaatan kerangka hukum dan protokol untuk menghapus dampak perubahan iklim terhadap sistem pangan dan produksi ternak. Dengan menggunakan metode penelitian kuantitatif karena situasi pandemi, penelitian ini akan menjelaskan penggunaan yang lebih luas dari protokol Kyoto, Polluter Pays Principle dan akan membahas berbagai metode yang akan membantu prinsip-prinsip ini untuk menghapus dampak negatif perubahan iklim secara global. Berdasarkan temuan makalah ini memberikan rekomendasi yang dapat dipertimbangkan oleh negara maju untuk menggunakan protokol hukum dan sosial untuk meningkatkan dampak perubahan iklim sistem rantai makanan manusia dan produksi ternak. Kata kunci: Perubahan iklim, Emisi rumah kaca, Produksi ternak, Protokol Kyoto, Prinsip pencemar membayar
Alternative Criminal Punishments for the Settlement of Misdemeanor in a Social Justice Perspective Zulyadi, Rizkan; Hossain, Mohammad Belayet
LAW REFORM Vol 18, No 1 (2022)
Publisher : PROGRAM STUDI MAGISTER ILMU HUKUM FAKULTAS HUKUM UNIVERSITAS DIPONEGORO SEMARANG

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (627.877 KB) | DOI: 10.14710/lr.v18i1.44712

Abstract

The national law has a clear vision to realize a just and democratic rule of law. Criminal legal system serves to protect the interests of the society and the nation. Criminal law enforcement nowadays is no longer directed at enforcing crimes, but also to cope with humanitarian interest in criminal actions, especially when it has to defend against misdemeanor. This paper aims to analyze the current dynamics in how Indonesian criminal law contextualize its existence in facing misdemeanor. By using juridical and normative approach with descriptive analytical technique, the results showed inadaptability of criminal law with misdemeanor cases. The results highlight that as a complex part of socio-economic and legal problem, misdemeanor is dynamically challenging legal system and criminalization. This study demonstrated the need for alternative penalties for minor crimes as an integral part of reforming the Indonesian Criminal Code. More specifically, this study shows several requirements that need to be met in the legalization of alternative criminal penalties for minor crimes. In addition, alternative punishments can provide benefits to the community, such as involving criminals in community service and unpaid work. The recommendations are pointed out regarding the application of alternative criminal penalties for minor crimes.
Economic Opportunities of Offshore Banking and Regulatory Responses to Money Laundering Risks: A Comparative Study Chandra, Tofik Yanuar; Hossain, Mohammad Belayet; Zakhiri Md. Nor, Mohd; Abu Taher, Mohammad
Jurnal Hukum Vol 40, No 2 (2024): Jurnal Hukum
Publisher : Unissula

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30659/jh.40.2.153-173

Abstract

Offshore banking offers significant opportunities for foreign investment and economic growth in developing countries, particularly for free trade zones and industrial sectors. However, it also presents potential risks related to money laundering if Anti-Money Laundering (AML) regulatory frameworks are not properly established or reinforced. This research aims to explore the potential economic benefits of developing comprehensive regulatory frameworks for offshore banking in Indonesia, while also mitigating the risks of money laundering and financial crime. To achieve this, the research adopts a qualitative approach, utilizing a comparative method to analyze the offshore banking regulations of Malaysia, Bangladesh, and Indonesia. The findings reveal that Malaysia has been utilizing offshore banking since 1990 in Labuan, while Bangladesh is currently enacting the Offshore Banking Act (OBA) 2024. Indonesia’s AML framework, under Law No. 8 of 2010, has made progress, but challenges remain in its implementation, especially concerning offshore banking. The research highlights that while Malaysia and Bangladesh have established frameworks to regulate offshore banking, Indonesia still faces regulatory gaps, particularly in managing the risks of offshore financial activities. The implication is that while offshore banking holds potential, its regulation must be reinforced to prevent its use in money laundering activities, including through international cooperation.
Environmental Protection and BITs of Bangladesh, Malaysia and USA: A Comparison Hossain, Mohammad Belayet
Jurnal Cita Hukum Vol. 8 No. 3 (2020)
Publisher : Fakultas Syariah dan Hukum, UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15408/jch.v8i3.17801

Abstract

Abstract In absence of any global treaty, the bilateral investment treaties (BITs) are playing an important role in regulating foreign investments in the host countries. According to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, there are 2361 BITs in force and like other members of the World Trade Organization, Bangladesh, Malaysia, and the USA also signed BITs to facilitate trade. The primary purpose of economic globalization is the economic development of the developing and least-developed countries as well as to facilitate the benefits of the home states. Bangladesh and Malaysia foreign investment laws have no specific provision of protecting the environment and fails to maintain high standard like USA environment laws. This paper addresses two questions: (a) do the bilateral investment treaties of Bangladesh, Malaysia, and USA have any specific provisions to protect the environment in the host country? (b) should environmental protection be considered during the entry of foreign investments in Bangladesh, Malaysia, and USA? Using the doctrinal research method, we critically analyzed 40 BITs signed by Bangladesh, Malaysia, and USA with different countries to explore whether there is any specific reference to protecting the environment. We find that the existing BITs mainly have provisions to promote and protect foreign investments, and 7 out of 40 BITs have a specific reference to protecting the environment. Therefore, governments should consider this important factor to insert while signing any future BITs.Keywords: Bilateral investment treaties, environmental protection, Bangladesh, Malaysia, United States of America. AbstrakJika tidak ada perjanjian global, maka perjanjian investasi bilateral (BIT) memainkan peran penting dalam mengatur investasi asing di negara setempat. Menurut Konferensi Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa tentang Perdagangan dan Pembangunan, ada 2.361 BIT yang masih berlaku, dan seperti anggota Organisasi Perdagangan Dunia lainnya, maka negara Bangladesh, Malaysia, dan AS juga menandatangani BIT untuk memfasilitasi perdagangan. Tujuan utama globalisasi ekonomi adalah pembangunan ekonomi negara-negara berkembang dan negara tidak berkembang, serta untuk memfasilitasi keuntungan negara asal. Undang-undang investasi asing Bangladesh dan Malaysia tidak memiliki ketentuan khusus untuk melindungi lingkungan dan gagal mempertahankan standar tinggi seperti undang-undang lingkungan AS. Makalah ini membahas dua pertanyaan: (a) apakah perjanjian investasi bilateral Bangladesh, Malaysia, dan AS memiliki ketentuan khusus untuk melindungi lingkungan di negara asal? (b) haruskah perlindungan lingkungan dipertimbangkan selama masuknya investasi asing di negara Bangladesh, Malaysia dan Amerika Serikat? Dengan menggunakan metode penelitian doktrinal, penulis menganalisis secara kritis 40 BIT yang ditandatangani oleh negara Bangladesh, Malaysia dan AS dengan berbagai negara untuk mengeksplorasi apakah ada referensi khusus untuk melindungi lingkungan. Kami menemukan bahwa BIT yang ada terutama memiliki ketentuan untuk mempromosikan dan melindungi investasi asing, dan 7 dari 40 BIT memiliki referensi khusus untuk melindungi lingkungan. Oleh karena itu, pemerintah harus mempertimbangkan faktor penting ini untuk dimasukkan saat menandatangani BIT di masa mendatang.Kata Kunci: Perjanjian investasi bilateral, perlindungan lingkungan, Bangladesh, Malaysia, Amerika Serikat. АннотацияВ отсутствие какого-либо глобального договора Двусторонние Инвестиционные Договоры (ДИД) играют важную роль в регулировании иностранных инвестиций в принимающих странах. По данным Конференции Организации Объединенных Наций по торговле и развитию в настоящее время действует 2361 ДИД, и, как и другие члены Всемирной Торговой Организации, Бангладеш, Малайзия и США также подписали ДИД для облегчения торговли. Основная цель экономической глобализации – это экономическое развитие развивающихся и наименее развитых стран, а также получение выгод для стран базирования. Законы Бангладеш и Малайзии об иностранных инвестициях не содержат конкретных положений о защите окружающей среды и не поддерживают высокие стандарты, такие как законы США об окружающей среде. В настоящей статье рассматриваются два вопроса: (а) есть ли в Двусторонних Инвестиционных Договорах Бангладеш, Малайзии и США какие-либо конкретные положения по защите окружающей среды в принимающей стране? (б) следует ли учитывать защиту окружающей среды при ввозе иностранных инвестиций в Бангладеш, Малайзию и США? Используя метод доктринального исследования, мы критически проанализировали 40 ДИД, подписанных Бангладеш, Малайзией и США с разными странами, чтобы выяснить , есть ли какие-либо конкретные ссылки на защиту окружающей среды. Мы обнаружили, что существующие ДИД в основном содержат положения о поощрении и защите иностранных инвестиций, а 7 из 40 ДИД содержат конкретные ссылки на защиту окружающей среды. Таким образом, правительству следует учитывать этот важный фактор при подписании будущих ДИД.Ключевые слова: Двусторонние инвестиционные договоры, охрана окружающей среды , Бангладеш, Малайзия, Соединенные Штаты Америки
THE RECONSTRUCTING LEGAL POLICIES OF THE MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS FOR INDUSTRIAL AREAS IN URBAN OF CENTRAL JAVA Widodo, Agus; Hossain, Mohammad Belayet
International Journal of Law Reconstruction Vol 6, No 2 (2022): International Journal of Law Reconstruction
Publisher : UNISSULA

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26532/ijlr.v6i2.26422

Abstract

The pace of development is often faced with the challenge of decreasing the quality of a healthy environment. Meanwhile, the management and control of impacts must continue to be pursued properly and committed to maintaining health and environmental sustainability. This article aims to describe how environmental management in the city of Semarang is amid the rapid industrial growth in the area and what obstacles and challenges are faced. This study uses an empirical juridical approach with qualitative analysis techniques. The study results indicate that the strategy for controlling environmental impacts includes developing priority programs and strategies. The program can be measured in a certain time with clear benchmarks of success, structuring regulations in the field of pollution control, increasing the commitment of decision-makers in government and society, and community participation in environmental impact control programs. On the other hand, the function of Central Java’s Environmental Impact Control Agency (Bapedalda) is to monitor the implementation of Environmental Feasibility Study (EFS), evaluate environmental impact control activities and EFS implementation in the region, provide recommendations for determining EFS approval, make efforts to inform EFS, carry out technical guidance and supervision of environmental impact control, restore the environmental quality of life and control pollution and environmental damage.