Garuda - Garba Rujukan Digital

STUDI KELAYAKAN PLTM CIATEN KABUPATEN BOGOR DARI SEGI HIDROLOGI DAN EKONOMI Susilo, Adhi; wahyudi, Slamet Imam; Niam, Moh Faiqun
Pondasi Vol 29, No 1 (2024): June
Publisher : UNISSULA Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30659/pondasi.v29i1.37428

Rivers are one of the important water sources for life on earth. Both humans,animals and plants, all need water to maintain life. Rivers flow from upstream todownstream, moving from high places to low places. Microhydro, or MicrohydroPower Plant (PLTM), is a small-scale power plant that uses water power as itsdriving force, such as irrigation canals, rivers or natural waterfalls, by utilizing theheight of the waterfall (head) and the amount of water discharge. The Cianten Riverhas sufficient water potential throughout the year, reliable discharge, suitablecontours, and has been utilized for PLTM.Data collection techniques in this research include observation and data collectionin the field by observing and recording data on the area of each watershed and thearea of civil building planning. Several models used for hydrological analysis are theTank Model, FJ Mock Model, and Markov Lag 1 Model. Apart from that,researchers also carried out financial evaluations of Microhydro Power Plants(PLTM).The results obtained for the Cianten I PLTM scheme/layout include the dam andintake building, sand trap, waterway, headpond, penstock, powerhouse, and exhaustchannels (tailrace). The generation discharge that can be selected based on the plantfactor value is in the probability range of 35% - 55%. The Cianten I PLTM project isconsidered feasible to be realized if it is in a condition of normal value andincreasing benefits. Under normal conditions, financial analysis and sensitivityanalysis show the Project FIRR results are 9.88%, FIRR on Equity is 36.52%, NPVis IDR. 2,916,937,135, and a BCR of 1.03 with an investment payback period of10.87 years.

OPTIMALISASI MANAJEMEN PROYEK UNTUK KEBERHASILAN PELAKSANAAN PROYEK PELEBARAN JALAN Hapsari, Indri Barianti; Mudiyono, Rachmat; Niam, Moh Faiqun
Pondasi Vol 29, No 1 (2024): June
Publisher : UNISSULA Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30659/pondasi.v29i1.35769

Project management functions to oversee the process of implementing construction work from the start of the project until the end of the project. In this research, the strategy used is the project management optimization handling strategy which will dominantly influence the implementation of the Palir Kaliancar Road widening project for the 2022 Fiscal Year. The aim of this research is to find out the factors that cause delays in implementing the Palir Kaliancar road widening project not on time. using the SWOT method.To find out the SWOT indicators that most influence the success in implementing the Palir Kaliancar Road Widening project, Semarang City. This research uses the SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) method to systematically identify various factors to formulate dominant project management optimization in the implementation of the Palir Kaliancar Road Widening project for the 2022 Fiscal Year. By conducting literature studies and research surveys, data collection includes data primary and secondary data then continued data processing. In the results of the IFE and EFE analysis of the components of the Palir Kaliancar Road Widening construction project in Ngaliyan, Semarang City, a value of Strength 4.24 Weakness 4.22 Opportunity 4.34 Threat 4.14 was obtained. For IFAS, you get a value of 0.01 from the Strength value minus the Weakness value, while the EFAS value gets a value of 0.1 from the Opportunity value minus the Threat value.From these results, you can determine the coordinates in the SWOT matrix quadrants. So the results of this combination show the coordinates of the SWOT quadrant matrix which is located in quadrant I, namely the strategy between the strength factor component (S) and the opportunity factor component (O). So the strategy developed for the Palir Kaliancar Road Widening Project component in Ngaliyan, Semarang City, uses a Progressive Strategy.

Digital Construction Implementation in the Era of Industrial Revolution 4.0 Using Augmented Reality Technology to Determine Building Coordinates Widayanto, Arif; Antonius, A; Niam, Moh Faiqun
JACEE (Journal of Advanced Civil and Environmental Engineering) Vol 7, No 2 (2024): October
Publisher : Universitas Islam Sultan Agung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30659/jacee.7.2.143-154

The Industry revolution 4.0 has become a prominent topic of discussion, emphasizing the need to harness digital technology to enhance various aspects of human work, including the construction industry. In the field of construction, Building Information Modeling (BIM) has been widely adopted as a guiding framework for construction processes. Additionally, Augmented Reality (AR) technology has emerged as a powerful tool for bringing 3D models into the physical world. This research employs a qualitative approach, utilizing 3D design data of Pile Caps in the construction of the IKN Minister's Residence and Solo - Yogyakarta Toll Road Office. A total of 74 and 68 coordinate points were extracted from each design to analyze the discrepancies resulting from the implementation of AR technology. The findings reveal that both designs exhibited a margin of error of 0.6148648649 % for the IKN Minister's Residence and 0.6102941177 % for the Solo - Yogyakarta Toll Road Office, both of which fall below the 1% threshold for maximum allowable error.

Proses Inventarisasi Aset pada Sistem Irigasi di Daerah Irigasi Rawa (DIR) Terantang Permana, Herry Ade; wahyudi, Slamet Imam; Niam, Moh Faiqun
Jurnal Kajian Ruang Vol 5, No 1 (2025): Maret
Publisher : Universitas Islam Sultan Agung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30659/jkr.v5i1.44196

The inventory of irrigation infrastructure assets is a crucial step in water resource management, particularly in peatland irrigation areas with unique characteristics. However, the implementation of asset inventory in the Terantang Peatland Irrigation Area still faces various challenges, including technological limitations, human resource constraints, and discrepancies between administrative records and actual field conditions. This study aims to analyze the irrigation asset inventory process, identify challenges encountered, and formulate strategies for improving the asset recording system. A qualitative descriptive approach with a case study method was employed in the Terantang peatland irrigation area. Data were collected through field surveys, interviews with the River Basin Agency and Water User Farmer Association members, and policy document analysis. The findings indicate that asset recording is still conducted manually and is not yet integrated into a digital system, leading to delays in data updates. The main challenges in asset inventory include limited human resources, difficult area accessibility, and a lack of coordination among stakeholders. The study underscores the need for innovation in inventory methods, particularly by adopting Geographic Information System (GIS) technology and drones to enhance recording accuracy. Strengthening human resource capacity and optimizing inter-agency coordination is essential to ensure a more efficient and transparent asset recording system. The study highlights the importance of reforming irrigation asset management systems to support the sustainability of irrigation infrastructure in peatland areas.

Mitigasi Faktor-Faktor Penyebab Cost Overrun pada Proyek Gedung Pendidikan Turrohmah, Annisa; Adi, Henny Pratiwi; Niam, Moh Faiqun
Jurnal Talenta Sipil Vol 8, No 2 (2025): Agustus
Publisher : Universitas Batanghari Jambi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33087/talentasipil.v8i2.906

Cost overrun is a significant challenge in construction projects, including educational buildings, which results in budget cuts, project delays, and increased maintenance costs. This study analyzes cost overruns on three projects in Central Java: IAIN Kudus Integrated Laboratory Building (1%), UIN Walisongo Mahad Building (2.3%), and Rembang MIN 1 Class Building (10%). These three projects were chosen because they have varying scales of cost increases and different characteristics of educational buildings. The research used quantitative methods with a questionnaire involving 53 respondents from consultants and contractors. Data analysis was carried out by testing validity, reliability, correlation, and dominant factor analysis using SPSS. The research results show that the main factors causing cost overrun are design changes and non-compliance with schedules (0.77), delays in material delivery (0.76), as well as inadequate planning and delays in equipment delivery (0.74). Other factors include ineffective decisions, poor financial management, and suboptimal cost control. Mitigation recommendations include improving the quality of planning, strict cost control, implementing systematic risk management, and utilizing BIM technology to increase estimation accuracy and decision-making efficiency to reduce the risk of cost overrun.

Analisis Waktu dan Biaya Proyek Bendungan Tigadihaji: Studi Kasus Paket 1 di OKU Selatan Prasetyo, Adil Farhan; Adi, Henny Pratiwi; Niam, Moh Faiqun
Jurnal Kajian Ruang Vol 5, No 2 (2025): September
Publisher : Universitas Islam Sultan Agung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30659/jkr.v5i2.48163

AbstrakBendungan Tigadihaji merupakan infrastruktur strategis untuk irigasi, penyediaan air baku, PLTA, dan pengendalian banjir di Sumatera Selatan. Proyek Paket 1 mengalami keterlambatan signifikan sehingga memerlukan strategi percepatan yang efektif. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi tiga alternatif percepatan, yaitu crashing (penambahan jam kerja/lembur), overlapping (pengubahan hubungan antaraktivitas), dan kombinasi keduanya, dengan mengukur dampak terhadap durasi serta biaya proyek. Analisis dilakukan menggunakan metode jalur kritis (CPM) berbasis data jadwal dan biaya kontrak. Percepatan dihitung dari perbedaan durasi total proyek serta perubahan biaya langsung dan tidak langsung. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa crashing dapat memperpendek durasi sebesar 191 hari dengan efisiensi biaya sekitar Rp2,45 miliar. Metode overlapping mempercepat 115 hari dengan efisiensi Rp2,05 miliar. Strategi kombinasi memberikan hasil terbaik dengan percepatan 321 hari dan efisiensi Rp4,76 miliar. Temuan ini menegaskan bahwa kombinasi crashing dan overlapping merupakan pilihan paling optimal dalam percepatan proyek berskala besar. Implikasi praktisnya, kontraktor dan pemilik proyek dapat menghemat waktu hampir satu tahun dengan tambahan biaya yang relatif kecil, sehingga risiko keterlambatan lebih lanjut dapat ditekan. Bagi pengambil kebijakan, hasil ini menunjukkan perlunya dukungan regulasi dan pengendalian mutu yang lebih adaptif agar strategi percepatan dapat diimplementasikan tanpa mengurangi keselamatan maupun kualitas konstruksi. Dari perspektif tata ruang, percepatan penyelesaian bendungan mempercepat pula penyediaan infrastruktur dasar yang mendukung produktivitas pertanian, ketahanan air, dan pengembangan wilayah.Kata kunci: Crashing; Overlapping; Bendungan Tigadihaji AbstractThe Tigadihaji Dam is a strategic infrastructure for irrigation, raw water supply, hydroelectric power (PLTA), and flood control in South Sumatra. Package 1 of the project has encountered significant delays, necessitating effective acceleration strategies. This study aims to evaluate three acceleration alternatives: crashing (adding work hours/overtime), overlapping (modifying inter-activity relationships), and their combination, measuring impacts on project duration and cost. The analysis uses the Critical Path Method (CPM) based on contractual scheduling and cost data. Acceleration is measured as the difference in total project duration and changes in direct and indirect costs. Results show that crashing can reduce the project duration by 191 days with a cost saving of approximately Rp2.45 billion. The overlapping method accelerates the schedule by 115 days with savings of Rp2.05 billion. The combination strategy achieves the best result: 321 days of acceleration with efficiency of Rp4.76 billion. These findings confirm that the combination of crashing and overlapping is the optimal method for accelerating large-scale projects. In practice, contractors and project owners can save almost one year with relatively modest additional costs, thereby mitigating further delay risks. For policymakers, these results indicate the need for adaptive regulation and quality control so that acceleration strategies can be implemented without compromising safety or construction quality. From a spatial planning perspective, accelerated completion of the dam also speeds up the provision of basic infrastructure that supports agricultural productivity, water security, and regional development.Keywords: Crashing; Overlapping; Tigadihaji Dam

ANALISIS HIDROLIKA PELIMPAH GOLENG DAN SWD 1 DALAM PENGENDALIAN DEBIT BANJIR SUNGAI WULAN Alamsyah, Nurul Ikhsan; Wahyudi, Slamet Imam; Niam, Moh Faiqun
Jurnal Kajian Ruang Vol 5, No 2 (2025): September
Publisher : Universitas Islam Sultan Agung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30659/jkr.v5i2.46077

ABSTRACTFlood control in the coastal areas of Central Java, particularly along the SWD 1 Channel and the Goleng Spillway, faces significant hydraulic challenges due to sedimentation and land-use changes. This study aims to evaluate the hydraulic capacity of the Goleng Spillway and the SWD 1 Channel in reducing the Q25 flood discharge from the Wulan River, as well as to identify critical overflow points and effective mitigation scenarios. Hydraulic simulations were conducted using the HEC-RAS software under three scenarios: (1) inflow from the Goleng Spillway, (2) local flooding within the SWD 1 watershed, and (3) a combination of both. Input parameters included the Q25 design discharge, DEM-based topography, and cross-sectional channel geometry. The simulation results indicate that several cross-sections (from STA 0+025 to STA 31+000) are unable to accommodate the Q25 discharge effectively, with water surface elevations ranging from 1.18 to 7.9 meters. The most critical condition occurs along the left bank of SWD 1 due to the absence of embankment elevation. While the normalization design improved flow capacity, it was insufficient to manage the combined extreme inflows. Integrated structural interventions, such as elevating the left embankment and optimizing spillway geometry, are recommended to enhance flood resilience in the lower Wulan River region.Keywords: SWD 1, Goleng Spillway, flood, Q25, HEC-RAS, embankment, hydraulics. ABSTRAKPengendalian banjir di wilayah pesisir Jawa Tengah, khususnya di Sungai SWD 1 dan Pelimpah Goleng, menghadapi tantangan kapasitas hidrolika akibat sedimentasi dan perubahan tata guna lahan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi kapasitas hidrolik Pelimpah Goleng dan Saluran SWD 1 dalam mereduksi debit banjir Q25 Sungai Wulan, serta mengidentifikasi titik-titik kritis luapan dan skenario mitigasi efektif. Simulasi hidrolika dilakukan menggunakan perangkat lunak HEC-RAS dengan tiga skenario: (1) inflow dari Pelimpah Goleng, (2) banjir lokal DAS SWD 1, dan (3) kombinasi keduanya. Parameter input meliputi debit desain Q25, topografi DEM, dan geometri penampang saluran. Hasil simulasi menunjukkan bahwa beberapa penampang (STA 0+025 hingga STA 31+000) tidak mampu menampung debit Q25 secara optimal, dengan muka air mencapai 1,18–7,9 m. Kondisi paling kritis terjadi pada sisi kiri SWD 1 akibat ketiadaan peninggian tanggul. Desain normalisasi terbukti meningkatkan kapasitas, tetapi tidak cukup mengatasi kombinasi inflow ekstrem. Intervensi struktural terintegrasi, seperti peninggian tanggul kiri dan optimalisasi geometri pelimpah, disarankan untuk memperkuat ketahanan banjir wilayah hilir Sungai Wulan.Kata Kunci: SWD 1, Pelimpah Goleng, banjir, Q25, HEC-RAS, tanggul, hidrolika.

Reducing Sedimentation in Catchment Areas as Part of the Revitalization Efforts at Batujai Reservoir in Central Lombok Fahmi, Muhammad Arifudin; Wahyudi, Slamet Imam; Niam, Moh Faiqun
JACEE (Journal of Advanced Civil and Environmental Engineering) Vol 7, No 1 (2024): April
Publisher : Universitas Islam Sultan Agung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30659/jacee.7.1.30-37

This research discusses efforts to revitalize the Batujai Reservoir in Central Lombok with a focus on sedimentation problems. Batujai Reservoir has a strategic role in meeting water needs in the surrounding area, but faces serious challenges due to significant sedimentation. In addition to assessing the effects of these changes on the reservoir's benefits—such as irrigation, flood control, and electricity production—this study intends to examine the effects of land use changes in the Dodokan Sub-Watershed Catchment Area (DTA) on the features and volume of sedimentation entering the reservoir. In addition, this study attempts to develop suggestions for efficient sedimentation management plans in order to increase the Batujai Reservoir's service life. Research methods include primary and secondary data collection, sedimentation modeling using the Water and Tillage/Sediment Delivery Model (WATEM/SEDEM), to evaluate the impact of sediment control structures such as check dams. Research variables include catchment area, population, annual rainfall, average daily evaporation, mainstay surface water availability, land surface erosion rate, sediment volume deposited in the reservoir, effective age of the Batujai Reservoir, and changes in land use in the Dodokan Sub-watershed. The results of this research will provide a better understanding of the main sources of sedimentation in the Batujai Reservoir and the impact of land use changes on the reservoir. It is hoped that the recommendations for sedimentation management strategies resulting from this research will help maintain reservoir storage capacity, which is important for meeting various water needs in the region.

Analisis Kinerja Biaya, Waktu, dan Mutu Proyek Pembangunan Gedung Menggunakan Earned Value Management (EVM) di Kota Payakumbuh Hendro, Hendro; Wibowo, Kartono; Niam, Moh Faiqun
Jurnal Kajian Ruang Vol 6, No 1 (2026): Maret 2026
Publisher : Universitas Islam Sultan Agung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30659/jkr.v6i1.50044

ABSTRAKPenelitian ini menganalisis kinerja biaya, waktu, dan mutu pada proyek Pembangunan Gedung Laboratorium Pembelajaran Politeknik Negeri Payakumbuh menggunakan pendekatan Earned Value Management (EVM). Penelitian bertujuan mengevaluasi efisiensi anggaran, kinerja jadwal, serta keterkaitan pencapaian mutu terhadap pengendalian biaya dan waktu dalam kerangka triple constraint manajemen proyek. Data yang digunakan meliputi nilai kontrak, bobot pekerjaan (PBP), Budgeted Cost of Work Scheduled (BCWS), Budgeted Cost of Work Performed (BCWP), Actual Cost of Work Performed (ACWP), serta hasil kuesioner untuk penilaian mutu pekerjaan. Analisis biaya dilakukan melalui Cost Variance (CV) dan Cost Performance Index (CPI), sedangkan analisis waktu menggunakan Schedule Variance (SV), Schedule Performance Index (SPI), serta estimasi penyelesaian proyek (Estimate Date Complete/EDC). Mutu pekerjaan dianalisis menggunakan instrumen kuesioner terhadap 24 responden yang telah diuji validitas dan reliabilitasnya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan proyek berjalan lebih hemat dari anggaran (CPI > 1; CV positif) dan lebih cepat dari jadwal rencana (SPI > 1; SV positif). Estimasi penyelesaian proyek berada pada 207–208 hari, lebih singkat dibandingkan durasi rencana 210 hari. Penilaian mutu menunjukkan kategori baik, yang mengindikasikan bahwa efisiensi biaya dan percepatan waktu tidak berdampak negatif terhadap kualitas pekerjaan. Secara ilmiah, penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pendekatan EVM dapat digunakan sebagai alat evaluasi kinerja terintegrasi untuk mengendalikan biaya dan waktu tanpa mengorbankan mutu, serta memberikan dasar pengambilan keputusan yang lebih sistematis dalam pengelolaan proyek konstruksi gedung di tingkat regional.Kata Kunci : Proyek Konstruksi, CPI, SPI, Mutu Pekerjaan, EVM ABSTRACTThis study analyzes the cost, time, and quality performance of the Payakumbuh State Polytechnic Learning Laboratory Building Construction project using the Earned Value Management (EVM) approach. The study aims to assess budget efficiency, schedule performance, and the relationship between mutual achievement and cost and time control within the triple constraint framework of project management. The data used include the contract value, work weight (PBP), Budgeted Cost of Work Scheduled (BCWS), Budgeted Cost of Work Performed (BCWP), Actual Cost of Work Performed (ACWP), and the results of a questionnaire to assess work quality. Cost analysis was conducted using Cost Variance (CV) and the Cost Performance Index (CPI), while time analysis used Schedule Variance (SV), Schedule Performance Index (SPI), and the estimated project completion date (EDC). Work quality was assessed using a questionnaire instrument administered to 24 respondents, which was tested for validity and reliability. The results showed that the project was running below budget (CPI > 1; positive CV) and ahead of schedule (SPI > 1; positive SV). The estimated project completion time is 207–208 days, shorter than the planned duration of 210 days. The quality assessment is good, indicating that cost efficiency and time acceleration do not negatively impact work quality. Scientifically, this study demonstrates that the EVM approach can be used as an integrated performance evaluation tool to control costs and time without sacrificing quality, and provides a basis for more systematic decision-making in the management of building construction projects at the regional level.Keywords: Construction Project, CPI, SPI, Work Quality, EVM

Analisis Pengaruh Kecepatan Penutupan Katup terhadap Ketahanan Infrastruktur Sistem Distribusi Air Perkotaan (Studi Kasus SPAM Sepaku) Sani, Gavin A; Niam, Moh Faiqun; Poedjiastoeti, Hermin
Jurnal Kajian Ruang Vol 6, No 1 (2026): Maret 2026
Publisher : Universitas Islam Sultan Agung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30659/jkr.v6i1.50496

ABSTRAK Sistem penyediaan air minum perkotaan menghadapi tantangan dalam menjaga keandalan layanan dan ketahanan infrastruktur, terutama pada jaringan distribusi dengan perbedaan elevasi signifikan dan konfigurasi sistem yang kompleks. Salah satu risiko operasional utama adalah fenomena water hammer yang berpotensi merusak pipa dan mengganggu kontinuitas layanan air bersih. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi pengaruh kecepatan penutupan katup terhadap tekanan puncak water hammer serta implikasinya terhadap keandalan sistem distribusi air perkotaan. Studi kasus dilakukan pada Jaringan Distribusi Utama dan Pembagi Sub-WP 1B dan 1C SPAM Sepaku menggunakan pipa baja dan HDPE. Simulasi numerik dilakukan menggunakan perangkat lunak Bentley OpenFlows HAMMER dengan Metode Karakteristik (MOC) untuk memodelkan perilaku hidraulik transien. Variasi waktu penutupan katup 30, 60, dan 120 detik dianalisis untuk mengevaluasi fluktuasi tekanan dan respons sistem. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa penutupan katup yang lebih cepat meningkatkan tekanan puncak dan ketidakstabilan sistem. Pada skenario 30 detik, tekanan maksimum mencapai 17,0 bar dengan tekanan minimum -0,6 bar yang mengindikasikan risiko kavitasi tinggi. Skenario 120 detik menurunkan tekanan maksimum menjadi 13,8 bar dan menghasilkan profil tekanan yang lebih stabil. Waktu penutupan 60-120 detik direkomendasikan sebagai rentang operasional optimal untuk memitigasi risiko transien. Temuan ini menunjukkan bahwa pengendalian operasional penutupan katup tidak hanya merupakan persoalan teknis hidraulik, tetapi juga bagian strategis dalam meningkatkan ketahanan infrastruktur dan menjaga keberlanjutan layanan air perkotaan. Penelitian ini memberikan implikasi praktis bagi perencanaan utilitas jangka panjang, manajemen infrastruktur, serta perumusan kebijakan operasional SPAM pada sistem distribusi berbasis gravitasi dengan perbedaan elevasi tinggi.Kata kunci: water hammer, penutupan katup, ketahanan infrastruktur, layanan air perkotaan, manajemen SPAM. ABSTRACT Urban water supply systems face increasing challenges in maintaining service reliability and infrastructure resilience, particularly in areas with significant elevation differences and complex distribution networks. One critical operational risk is water hammer, which can threaten pipe integrity and disrupt urban water services. This study evaluates the effect of valve closure speed on peak water hammer pressure and its implications for the reliability of urban water distribution infrastructure. The case study focuses on the Main and Sub-Distribution Networks (Sub-WP 1B and 1C) of the Sepaku Water Supply System (SPAM Sepaku), utilizing steel and HDPE pipelines. Numerical simulations were conducted using Bentley OpenFlows HAMMER with the Method of Characteristics (MOC) to model transient hydraulic behavior. Valve closure durations of 30, 60, and 120 seconds were analyzed to assess pressure fluctuations and system response. The results show that faster valve closures significantly increase peak pressure and system instability. In the 30-second scenario, peak pressure reached 17.0 bar with a minimum pressure of –0.6 bar, indicating high cavitation risk. In contrast, the 120-second scenario reduced peak pressure to 13.8 bar and improved pressure stability. A closure duration of 60–120 seconds is identified as the optimal operational range to mitigate transient risks. These findings demonstrate that operational control of valve closure is not only a hydraulic issue but also a strategic component in enhancing infrastructure resilience and ensuring sustainable urban water service delivery. The study provides practical implications for long-term utility planning, infrastructure management, and policy formulation in SPAM operation, particularly in systems with high elevation gradients and gravity-based distribution.Keywords: water hammer, valve closure, infrastructure resilience, urban water service, SPAM management.

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