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IMPLEMENTASI PERATURAN KEJAKSAAN REPUBLIK INDONESIA NOMOR 10 TAHUN 2019 TENTANG PERUBAHAN ATAS PERATURAN JAKSA AGUNG NOMOR PER-002/A/JA/05/2017 TENTANG PELELANGAN DAN PENJUALAN LANGSUNG BENDA SITAAN ATAU BARANG RAMPASAN NEGARA ATAU BARANG SITA EKSEKUSI DI KEJAKSAAN NEGERI KUANTAN SINGINGI Nurjannah, Miftah; Artina, Dessy; Rauf, Muhammad A.
Jurnal Online Mahasiswa (JOM) Bidang Ilmu Hukum Vol 11, No 1 (2024): Januari - Juni 2024
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The Prosecutor’s execution auction come from found items and looted itemsrelated to evidence in criminal cases. The Prosecutor’s office is executor of courtdecisions that have been determined for evidence that has been decided to be returned,confifcated for destruction, confiscated for the state or auctioned.The type of research used is sociologicalresearch, using primary data obtaineddirectly at the research location throughdirect interviews with related parties andssecondary data obtained by means of library research in the form of books, scientificworks, related documents and internet sites related to the research this. The porposeof thisresearch is to determine the imp;ementation of the evidence auction at the KuantanSingingi District Prosecutor’s Office based on Prosecutor’s Regulation Number 10 of2019 and then obstacles to the implementation of the Prosecutor’s Office evidenceauction.Based on the research results, it is clear that the auction process for the executionof confiscated goods carried out by the Kuantan Singingi District Prosecutor’s Officeshows that there are still obstacle in its implementation. Coordination between variousgovernment agencies requires time because determining the limit price for goods to beauctioned cannotbe determined directly without a physical inspection of the goods. Thelow interest of auction participants also influences the implementation of the auctionbecause the large number of auction participants determines whether or not the items tobe auctioned will sell.Keywords: Prsecutor’s Office, Auction, Evidence.

Pengaturan Electronic Voting ( E-Voting ) Sebagai Perwujudan Asas Langsung, Umum, Bebas, Rahasia, Jujur dan Adil Dalam Pemilihan Umum (Pemilu ) Ditinjau Dari Sistem Ketatanegaraan Indonesia Junindri, M. Tegar; HB, Gusliana; Rauf, Muhammad A.
Jurnal Ilmiah Wahana Pendidikan Vol 10 No 24.2 (2024): Jurnal Ilmiah Wahana Pendidikan
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Pemilihan umum (Pemilu) merupakan sarana demokrasi untuk memilih pemimpin. Pelaksanaan Pemilu menjadi tolak ukur demokratisasi suatu negara. Pemilu di Indonesia dilaksanakan lima tahun sekali secara langsung, umum, bebas, rahasia, jujur dan adil. Dalam praktiknya, banyak ditemukan permasalahan dalam Pemilu konvensional seperti kesalahan dalam penandaan kertas suara dan lamanya proses perhitungan suara. Oleh karena itu, muncul gagasan Pemilu elektronik (e-voting) untuk meningkatkan efektivitas dan efisiensi. E-voting memiliki banyak keunggulan namun juga tantangan seperti kerentanan terhadap kecurangan. Perlu persiapan matang agar penerapan e-voting berjalan baik sesuai asas Pemilu. Jenis penelitian ini dapat digolongkan pada jenis penelitian normatif. Pada penelitian ini, fokus mengkaji mengenai perbandingan hukuman dari kedua sumber hukum yaitu hukum positif Indonesia dan hukum Islam. Sumber data yang digunakan adalah data sekunder yang terdiri bahan hukum primer, bahan hukum sekunder, dan bahan hukum tersier. Teknik pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini dengan metode kajian kepustakaan, setelah data terkumpul kemudian dianalisis untuk ditarik kesimpulan. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian mengenai Pengaturan Elektronik Voting (E-Voting) Sebagai Perwujudan Asas Langsung, Umum, Bebas, Rahasia, dan Adil Dalam Pemilu Serentak Ditinjau Dari Sistem Ketatanegaraan Indonesia, dapat disimpulkan bahwa perbandingan sistem E-voting dengan konvensional dapat dicermati dalam hal E-voting lebih efisien, akurat, konkret, serta transparan, sedangkan pengaturan hukum terhadap pemilu melalui e-voting perlu memperhatikan kedudukan putusan MK dalam hierarki perundang-undangan Indonesia yang setara dengan UU sehingga berkekuatan hukum mengikat, dengan contoh putusan MK nomor 147/PUU-VII/2009 tentang pengujian UU no. 32 tahun 2004, PP pengganti UU no. 1 tahun 2014, UU no. 11 tahun 2008, dan perbup tentang pemilihan kepala desa menggunakan sistem e-voting.

Analisis Yuridis Pembentukan Keputusan Presiden Republik Indonesia Nomor 12 Tahun 2020 Tentang Penetapan Bencana Non Alam Penyebaran Corona Virus Disease 2019 Sebagai Bencana Nasional Rinaldi, Rahmi; Haryono, Dodi; Rauf, Muhammad A.
Jurnal Ilmiah Wahana Pendidikan Vol 11 No 1.D (2025): Jurnal Ilmiah Wahana Pendidikan
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Undang-undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945 (UUD 1945) memberikan kewenangan tidak sedikit kepada Presiden. Salah satu kewenangannya adalah menetapkan “hal ihwal kegentingan yang memaksa”, karena negara itu tidak selamanya dalam kondisi normal/damai/stabil. Pada saat kondisi sebaliknya Presiden sebagai kepala negara diberi kewenangan secara konstitusional untuk menetapkan keadaan bahaya dalam bentuk Keputusan Presiden (Keppres). Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui Keabsahan pembentukan Keputusan Presiden Republik Indonesia Nomor 12 Tahun 2020 tentang Penetapan Bencana Non Alam Penyebaran Corona Virus Disease 2019 sebagai Bencana Nasional dan Penetapan status bencana non alam penyebaran Corona Virus Disease 2019 sebagai bencana nasional. Jenis penelitian ini tergolong sebagai penelitian hukum normatif, Dalam penelitian hukum normatif, sumber datanya adalah data sekunder yang terdiri dari bahan hukum primer, bahan hukum sekunder dan bahan hukum tersier. Pengumpulan data penelitian hukum normatif menggunakan teknik pengumpulan data secara studi kepustakaan. Data yang diperoleh melalui studi kepustakaan akan dianalisis secara kualitatif. Dalam menarik kesimpulan penulis menggunakan metode berfikir deduktif yaitu cara berfikir yang menarik kesimpulan dari suatu pernyataan atau dalil yang bersifat umum menjadi suatu pernyataan yang bersifat khusus. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat dipahami bahwa syarat formil dan materil pembentukan Keputusan Presiden Keputusan Presiden Nomor 12 Tahun 2020 tentang Penetapan Bencana Non Alam Penyebaran COVID 19 sebagai Bencana Nasional dapat dinyatakan sah dan Penetapan penyebaran Covid 19 sebagai bencana tertuang dalam Keputusan Presiden (Keppres) No. 12 Tahun 2020 tentang Penetapan Bencana Non-Alam Penyebaran Corona Virus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) Sebagai Bencana Nasional sesuai Pasal 7 ayat (1) huruf c UU Penanggulangan Bencana, yang berwenang menetapkan status bencana nasional dan daerah adalah pemerintah. Normatifnya, penetapan status dan tingkat bencana harusnya ditetapkan berdasarkan indikator yang diamanatkan oleh UU No. 24 Tahun 2007 Pasal 7 Ayat (2) huruf c yang mana mengamanatkan dibentuknya Perpres yang memuat indikator dalam penentuan tingkatan bencana, tetapi sampai saat ini perpres yang diamantkan tersebut belum terbit. indikator yang meliputi jumlah korban, kerugian harta benda, kerusakan prasarana dan sarana, cakupan luas wilayah yang terkena bencana, dan dampak sosial ekonomi yang ditimbulkan.

POLITIK HUKUM KEWENANGAN MENGADILI GUGATAN WARGA NEGARA PERKARA NON LINGKUNGAN HIDUP PASCA PERLUASAN KEWENANGAN PENGADILAN TATA USAHA NEGARA DIKAITKAN DENGAN ASAS KEPASTIAN HUKUM Vitari, Jihan Aqila; Haryono, Dodi; Rauf, Muhammad A.
Jurnal Online Mahasiswa (JOM) Bidang Ilmu Hukum Vol 11, No 2 (2024): Juli - Desember 2024
Publisher : Jurnal Online Mahasiswa (JOM) Bidang Ilmu Hukum

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Perkembangan hukum acara peradilan tata usaha negara, Pasal 87 huruf (a)Undang-Undang Nomor 30 Tahun 2014 tentang Administrasi Pemerintahan merubahbanyak aspek termasuk kewenangan mengadili dari PTUN terhadap tindakan faktualsebagai salah satu perbuatan melanggar hukum (PMH) oleh pemerintah atauOnrechmatige Overheidsdaad (OOD). Meskipun telah ditegaskan tentang kewenanganPengadilan Tata Usaha Negara dalam mengadili gugatan OOD tindakan faktual, padapraktiknya seperti nomor 262/Pdt.G/2021/PN. Pbr, masyarakat maupun aparat penegakhukum masih mengajukan, menerima, bahkan mengadili Gugatan OOD tindakan faktual diPeradilan Umum karena belum ada peraturan perundang-undangan yang tegas menyatakankompensi absolut gugatan Citizen lawsuit terkhusus perkara non lingkungan hidup.Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum normatif. Hal ini didasarkan pada penelitiankepustakaan yang mengambil kutipan dari buku bacaan, atau buku pendukung yangmemiliki kaitannya dengan permasalahan yang akan diteliti. Penelitian ini menggunakansumber data sekunder yang terdiri dari bahan buku primer, sekunder, dan tersier. Penelitianini juga menggunakan analisis data kualitatif dan menghasilkan data deskriptif.Dari hasil penelitian dan pembahasan yang dilakukan, terdapat beberapakesimpulan yang diperoleh yaitu: Pertama Perkembangan OOD sebagai objek sengketaberirisan dengan perluasan kewenangan PTUN melalui Pasal 85 dan 87 huruf a Undang-Undang Nomor 30 Tahun 2014 tentang Administrasi Pemerintahan dan diikuti SEMANomor 1 tahun 2016 atas tindakan faktual serta adanya PERMA Nomor 2 Tahun 2019yang mengalihkan kewenangan Peradilan Umum kepada PTUN atas OOD. timbulpersinggungan karena tindakan faktual meskipun tidak ditujukan untuk berakibat hukumnamun harus dilakukan secara tidak menimbulkan kerugian sehingga tidak bertentangandengan Pasal 1365 KUH Perdata bagi pihak lain yang mana pertimbangan akan timbulnyakerugian akibat tindakan faktual pemerintah menjadi salah satu unsur utama OOD. Kedua,pasca Pasal 87 huruf a UU AP dan PERMA Nomor 2 Tahun 2019 perkara non lingkunganhidup yang digugat dengan mekanisme Citizen Lawsuit idealnya menjadi kewenanganPTUN karena pada dasarnya gugatan dengan mekanisme Citizen Lawsuit baik terkaitperkara lingkungan hidup maupun non lingkungan hidup akan mempersoalkan tindakanfaktual pemerintah seperti kelalaian atau pengabaian yang karena tindakan pemerintahtersebut merugikan masyarakat.Kata Kunci: Citizen lawsuit, Kewenangan, PTUN

IMPLEMENTASI PEMENUHAN HAK PENYANDANG DISABILITAS DALAM PENGGUNAAN SARANA DAN PRASARANA TRANSPORTASI BERDASARKAN PERATURAN DAERAH PROVINSI RIAU NOMOR 18 TAHUN 2013 TENTANG PERLINDUNGAN DAN PEMBERDAYAAN PENYANDANG DISABILITAS DI KOTA PEKANBARU Simanjuntak, Eben Haizer; Firdaus, Emilda; Rauf, Muhammad A.
Jurnal Online Mahasiswa (JOM) Bidang Ilmu Hukum Vol 11, No 2 (2024): Juli - Desember 2024
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In order to realize the availability of accessibility of transportation facilities and infrastructurefor people with disabilities, a full understanding of policy makers is still needed both in the center and inthe Pekanbaru City area. There are still many public facilities and infrastructure that need attention.People with disabilities have the same right to mobility in order to fulfill their daily activities. Providingaccessibility for people with disabilities is an obligation, not a compulsion. Article 17 paragraph (1) of theRiau Provincial Regulation Number 18 of 2013 concerning the Protection and Empowerment of Peoplewith Disabilities states that every person with disabilities has the right to the provision of accessibility inthe utilization and use of public facilities and infrastructure, the environment and transportation facilitiesand infrastructure.This type of research is sociological legal research, because it is based on field research,namely by collecting data through interviews, questionnaires, and literature studies, reviews related to theproblems to be studied assisted by primary, secondary and tertiary data. This research was conducted atthe Pekanbaru City Transportation Service, the Pekanbaru City Social Service, while the population andsample were all parties related to the problem being studied. This research uses qualitative data analysisand produces descriptive data.From this study, it can be concluded that the implementation of the fulfillment of the rights ofpersons with disabilities in the use of transportation facilities and infrastructure has not been runningoptimally. Inhibiting factors in the implementation of the fulfillment of the rights of persons with disabilitiesin the use of transportation facilities and infrastructure are due to inadequate budget factors, unpublishedsupporting regulations, weak human resources, limited facilities and infrastructure, and lack ofsocialization, education and supervision from the Pekanbaru City Social Service and the Pekanbaru CityTransportation Service. Efforts made by the Pekanbaru City Government through the Pekanbaru CityTransportation Service in implementing the fulfillment of the rights of persons with disabilities are toincrease the procurement and renovation of special road signs/markings for persons with disabilities,provide bus stops and terminals that are more friendly to persons with disabilities.Keywords: Disability, Implementation of Regional Regulations, Transportation Facilities andInfrastructure

IMPLEMENTASI PELAYANAN LEGALISASI DOKUMEN PUBLIK PADA KANTOR WILAYAH KEMENTERIAN HUKUM DAN HAM RIAU BERDASARKAN PERATURAN MENTERI HUKUM DAN HAM NOMOR 6 TAHUN 2022 TENTANG LAYANAN LEGALISASI APOSTILLE PADA DOKUMEN PUBLIK Putri, Dini Cantika; Junaidi, Junaidi; Rauf, Muhammad A.
Jurnal Online Mahasiswa (JOM) Bidang Ilmu Hukum Vol 11, No 1 (2024): Januari - Juni 2024
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One of the tasks of general legal administrative services in the legal divisionat the Riau Ministry of Law and Human Rights is to provide administrative servicesrelated to the legalization of documents that will be used domestically and abroad.Documents that will be used to travel inside or outside the country have a very longbureaucracy which then the Government of Indonesia through the Ministry of Lawand Human Rights has initiated to ratify the 1961 Apostille Convention, thusmaking Indonesia part of the Convention member state.The type of research used is sociological juridical, namely researchconducted by identifying the law and how the effectiveness of the implementation ofthe law applies in society. Because in this study the authors directly conductedresearch at the location or place under study to provide a complete and cleardescription of the problem under study.The conclusions that can be obtained from the research results are First,the implementation of Public Document Legalization services at the Riau RegionalOffice of the Ministry of Law and Human Rights has challenges related to fieldproblems, limited resources, process complexity, time, conflicts with Article 8 ofPermenkumham No. 6 of 2022 and the need for proper enforcement of rules andlegal suitability. Simplified and more accessible services reflect efforts to adhere tothe principles of legality and efficiency. Second, Supporting and inhibiting factorsin the Public Document Legalization service system at the Riau Regional Office ofthe Ministry of Law and Human Rights basically have a number of supportingfactors that strengthen the public document legalization service system such asAdoption of Technology and Online Systems. Third, the efforts of the Ministry ofLaw and Human Rights Riau in overcoming problems regarding the service ofLegalization of Public Documents (Apostille) by involving steps that includedigitization of services, increased access to information, infrastructure investment,collaboration with related parties, and improvement of processes and services.Keywords: Implementation, Service, Document Legalization, Public Service.

TINJAUAN YURIDIS RANGKAP JABATAN WAKIL MENTERI BADAN USAHA MILIK NEGARA MENURUT UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 39 TAHUN 2008 TENTANG KEMENTERIAN NEGARA Yanti, Anisya Ismi; Indra, Mexsasai; Rauf, Muhammad A.
Jurnal Online Mahasiswa (JOM) Bidang Ilmu Hukum Vol 11, No 1 (2024): Januari - Juni 2024
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Indonesia is a constitutional state which is not only based on power, but onexisting rules or laws. The government runs on the basis of the constitution and isnot absolutism (unlimited power) in accordance with the Provisions contained inArticle 1 paragraph 3 of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia whichstates that Indonesia is a state of law.The presidential system is a system of government that is centered on theposition of the president as head of government as well as head of state. In thissystem, the executive branch, which is represented by the president, is notresponsible to the legislature, which, if exemplified in the Indonesian governmentsystem, is represented by the DPR. The position of the executive body is strongerin dealing with the legislature. A presidential system can be said to be arepresentative government of the people, with a system of strict separation ofpowers. The separation between the executive and legislative powers means thatthis executive power is held by an agency or organ which, in carrying out itsduties, is not responsible for the people's representative body.This concurrent position in the Ombudsman's assessment will causeseveral losses. Starting from the existence of conflicts of interest, issues ofcompetence and capability of officials who are concurrently not in accordancewith the position of commissioner, and the emergence of double income. In theview of the State Civil Apparatus Commission (KASN), the phenomenon ofmultiple positions apart from causing a conflict of interest, is also the root offraud. Concurrent positions of SOE commissioners by public officials areopportunities for corruption.Multiple Positions is an action carried out by a person in two or morepositions in the same or different environments. Being in power means that whena person has concurrent positions, it is undeniable that the holder of the positionwill not be able to optimally carry out one of the positions held due to negligence.So that the worst possibility is not carrying out the duties optimally in bothpositions.Keywords: Multiple Positions, Minister, Position, Constitutional Court.

ANALISIS PERATURAN PEMERINTAH PENGGANTI UNDANG-UNDANG (PERPPU) SEBAGAI OBJEK PENGUJIAN DI MAHKAMAH KONSTITUSI Fitriyani, Nia; Haryono, Dodi; Rauf, Muhammad A.
Jurnal Online Mahasiswa (JOM) Bidang Ilmu Hukum Vol 11, No 1 (2024): Januari - Juni 2024
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The authority of the Constitutional Court in the 1945 Constitution of the Republic ofIndonesia (1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia) after the issuance of MK DecisionNumber 138/PUU-VIII/2009. The Constitutional Court stated its authority to review GovernmentRegulations in Lieu of Law (Perppu) against the Constitution, relying on the interpretation thatPerppu is in a position parallel to the Law, in accordance with Law Number 12 of 2011concerning the Formation of Legislative Regulations . MethodThis research uses a type of normative legal research (normative law research) usingnormative case studies in the form of legal products produced, reviewing statutory regulations,books and journals related to this research, as well as analyzing Constitutional Court DecisionNumber 138/PUU- VIII/2009.The results of this research explain that the Constitutional Court has the authority toreview Perppu and regulations that are lower in level than the 1945 NRI Constitution whichpositions Perppu in the same position as the Law by using a slash (/), cannot change the contentsof the Constitution NRI of 1945, which clearly differentiates between Laws and PerppuKeywords: Authority, Constitutional Court, Testing

IMPLEMENTASI PASAL 4 AYAT (2) PERATURAN DAERAH NOMOR 2 TAHUN 2009 TENTANG LALU LINTAS DAN ANGKUTAN JALAN DI KOTA PEKANBARU TERHADAP LARANGAN MOBIL BARANG MENGANGKUT PENUMPANG H.Silalahi, Syahron Fernando; Artina, Dessy; Rauf, Muhammad A.
Jurnal Online Mahasiswa (JOM) Bidang Ilmu Hukum Vol 10, No 2 (2023): Juli - Desember 2023
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In article 137 of Law no. 22 of 2009 concerning Road Traffic andTransportation (UU LLAJ), it is regulated that goods cars are prohibited fromtransporting people. This refers to the definitions of goods cars and passengercars which are clearly different. So, drivers must be aware and careful not tocarry passengers. Every person who drives a goods car to transport people exceptfor the reasons as intended in Article 137 paragraph (4) letters a, b and c will bepunished with imprisonment for a maximum of 1 (one) month or a fine of amaximum of IDR 250,000.00 (two hundred fifty thousand rupiah)This type of research is empirical legal research, namely research usingfield data as the main data source, such as the results of interviews andobservations. Empirical research is used to analyze law which is seen aspatterned social behavior in people's lives which always interact and relate insocial aspects.From the results of the research and discussions carried out, several conclusionswere obtained, namely: First, Regional Regulation Number 2 of 2009 Article 4Paragraph (2) Concerning Road Traffic and Transportation in Pekanbaru Cityregarding the prohibition on goods cars carrying passengers in Pekanbaru hasbeen implemented since the regulation This issue has been published, but has notbeen implemented optimally by the traffic police because there are stilldiscretionary actions in the field. Second, factors inhibiting the traffic police fromenforcing regulations prohibiting goods cars from carrying passengers, namely,Public Awareness Factor, Lack of Capability of the Police, Cultural Factors,Page 2JOM Fakultas Hukum Universitas Riau Volume X Edisi 2 Juli – Desember 2023Health Factors. Third, the traffic police's efforts to tackle the use of goods carstransporting people in the city of Pekanbaru, namely, preventive efforts such asputting up banners on the roads prohibiting goods cars from transportingpassengers and carrying out patrols and raids at various points on public roads. ,repressive efforts such as education, fines with warnings, fines with confiscatedgoods. The author's advice is that it is necessary to implement these regulations inaccordance with the sanctions contained in regional regulations. If you still usediscretion in the field, you need to give a warning to drop off passengers andadvise you to board a passenger car for safety, and the public should have theawareness to always be orderly when passing traffic, don't make it happen. goodscar to transport passengers.Keywords: Prohibition, Traffic, Goods Cars Carrying Passengers

POLITIK HUKUM KEDUDUKAN KOMISI PEMBERANTASAN KORUPSI (KPK) DALAM STRUKTUR KETATANEGARAAN INDONESIA Hutasoit, Magdalena Br; Artina, Dessy; Rauf, Muhammad A.
Jurnal Online Mahasiswa (JOM) Bidang Ilmu Hukum Vol 11, No 1 (2024): Januari - Juni 2024
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Highlighting the performance of the executive, legislative and judicialgovernments, which often deviate from the rules and have violated the constitution,causing losses to the state. These deviant acts are rampant acts of corruption that havenever disappeared from the government from the past until now. In fact, the legitimacy ofprevious institutions tends to be questioned, due to the widespread practices ofcorruption, collusion and nepotism that occur in these institutions. This is thebackground that requires an institution that has a special task to eradicate corruptionwithin the Indonesian government, so a new institution was formed in the reform era inIndonesia, namely the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK). This is because thecriminal act of corruption is defined as an action carried out by individuals in thelegislative, judicial and private institutions whose aim is to benefit themselves and others.increasing the level of public trust in the KPK, it turns out that the state issued a newregulation to the KPK, namely Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 19 of 2019concerning the Second Amendment to Law Number 30 of 2002 concerning theCorruption Eradication Commission which has become controversial for the publicbecause of several articles that contained in this Law has weakened the position of theCorruption Eradication Commission in carrying out its duties and authority. This is whatunderlies the need for this research.This research is normative legal research. This is based on library researchwhich takes quotations from reading books, or supporting books that are related to theproblem to be researched. Data sources Primary, secondary and tertiary data sourcesare characteristic of this research. This research also uses qualitative data analysis andproduces descriptive data. From the results of the research and discussions carried out,several conclusions were obtained, namely: First, eradicating corruption is a reformmandate that requires government administration that is free from corruption, collusionand nepotism as mandated in Law Number 28 of 1999 concerning State AdministrationPractices. which is Free and Clean from Corruption, Collusion and Nepotism. To carryout this mandate, the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) was formed as a bodythat has the authority to investigate, investigate and prosecute criminal acts ofcorruption, therefore it became inevitable that the Corruption Eradication Commissionwas born amidst the ineffectiveness of the Prosecutor and Police in eradicatingcorruption cases in Indonesia. Second, changes were made to the LawKeywords: Corruption Crimes, State Constitutional Structure, Trias Politica

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