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Self Defense Yang Dilakukan Oleh Amerika Serikat Terhadap Jenderal Soleimani Dalam Prespektif Hukum Internasional Adwiyah, Aiin Widya Rhabiatul; Anwar, Arman; Wattimena, Josina Augustina Yvonne
PATTIMURA Legal Journal Vol 1 No 1 (2022): April 2022 PATTIMURA Legal Journal
Publisher : Postgraduate Program Doctoral in Law, Universitas Pattimura

Introduction: The use of armed force is generally prohibited under international law, and is permitted only in two exceptions, namely when a country acts in selfdefense or when the United Nations gives it the right to respond to acts of aggression. Purposes of the Research: This study will examine the legitimacy of the use of armed force in the implementation of self-defense, and whether the use of self-defense by America is in accordance with the concept of self-defense regulated in international law. Methods of the Research: This research is a normative legal research, using a descriptive analytical research type using primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. The approach used is the statutory approach, the conceptual approach, and the case approach. The technique of collecting legal materials uses a literature study which is then analyzed qualitatively to answer the problems studied. Results Originality of the Research: The legality of the use of armed force in the right to self-defense is regulated in article 51 of the UN charter provided that an armed attack has occurred first, and must be reported to the UN Security Council beforehand. The concept of self-defense that America did to General Soleimani was not in accordance with the provisions in article 51 of the charter. In addition, America violated the laws of war because attacks were carried out in peacetime and targeted killings of certain commanders of a country violated human rights.

DINAMIKA NEGOSIASI DAN MEMBANGUN KEPERCAYAAN PASCA PENUTUPAN TAMBANG EMAS GUNUNG BOTAK DI KABUPATEN BURU Anwar, Arman
Bina Hukum Lingkungan Vol. 1 No. 1 (2016): Bina Hukum Lingkungan, Volume 1, Nomor 1, Oktober 2016
Publisher : Asosiasi Pembina Hukum Lingkungan Indonesia (PHLI)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (245.894 KB)

Potensi kandungan emas yang sangat besar di Gunung Botak Kabupaten Buru Provinsi Maluku mestinya menjadi anugerah yang disyukuri bukan justru sebaliknya menjadi bencana atau kutukan. Betapa tidak, sejak ditemukan pada Oktober 2011 lalu telah terjadi kerusakan lingkungan yang parah akibat pencemaran zat kimia merkuri dan sianida, rusaknya vegetasi dan ekosistem di wilayah areal penambangan akibat penebangan pohon dan timbunan material limbah, serta jatuhnya korban jiwa baik karena kecelakaan kerja maupun konflik antar pendatang dan penduduk lokal, belum lagi dampak ikutan berupa terjadinya inflasi akibat naiknya harga barang-barang kebutuhan pokok di masyarakat. Kondisi realitas tersebut telah mengancam kelangsungan program pemerintah yang telah menjadikan Kabupaten Buru sebagai lumbung pangan dan perairannya menjadi lumbung ikan nasional. Berbagai upaya telah dilakukan mulai dari preventif hingga tindakan represif berupa pengusiran dan pengosongan paksa namun tetap saja tidak berhasil. Dinamika yang terjadi menjadi fenomena yang menarik untuk dikaji, Penelitian ini menggunakan Metode “Social Legal Research”, yaitu penelitian hukum yang menempatkan hukum sebagai gejala sosial. Dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan (statute approach) dan pendekatan kasus (case approach) Ditemukan bahwa secara empiris, negosiasi yang dilakukan belum sesuai dengan harapan dan penegakan hukum tidak dilaksanakan secara konsisten. Oleh karena itu, hukum tidak bekerja/berjalan di dalam masyarakat. Untuk itu perlu dilakukan penguatan kapasitas negosiator dan penyadaran hukum masyarakat serta dalam penegakan hukumnya tidak dipengaruhi oleh faktor-faktor lain diluar kepentingan hukum.

Pemanfaatan E-Money dalam Transaksi Jual Beli Online di Era Digital Bagi Siswa SMA Negeri 6 Ambon Anwar, Arman; Rahmadhani, Fitri; Mainake, Meilien Trivany; Assegaff, Syarifah Safina
Jurnal Pengabdian Pada Masyarakat METHABDI Vol 4 No 2 (2024): Jurnal Pengabdian Pada Masyarakat METHABDI
Publisher : Universitas Methodist Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.46880/methabdi.Vol4No2.pp229-239

The use of E-money (electronic money) has become an important part of digital transactions in the modern era, especially in the online trading sector. This community service aims to provide education to students of SMA Negeri 6 Ambon regarding the use of e-money in facilitating online buying and selling transactions. Through the community service program held at SMA Negeri 6 Ambon, students are given an understanding of the use of e-money in everyday life. This activity also includes increasing digital literacy, the advantages and disadvantages of electronic money and its impacts. The results of this activity show an increase in students' understanding of non-cash transactions, their ability to use e-money for online transactions, and wiser financial management. Students also begin to recognize online business opportunities by utilizing e-money as a practical payment method. Overall, this community service brings students' readiness to face the rapidly growing digital economy. In the future, more direct practical sessions need to be implemented and an increase in understanding of digital security to minimize the risk of fraud in cyberspace.

Socialization of The Dangers of Gadget and Internet Use for Children: Qualitative Study from SD Negeri 2 Lilialy, Buru Regency, Maluku, Indonesia Anwar, Arman; Buton, Fatmi
Golden Ratio of Data in Summary Vol. 5 No. 1 (2025): November - January
Publisher : Manunggal Halim Jaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.52970/grdis.v5i1.786

Socialization about the impact of gadget and internet use on elementary school children is important considering their high exposure to technology from an early age. This study aims to improve the understanding of students of SD Negeri 2 Lilialy regarding the positive and negative impacts of gadget use, as well as to encourage wiser use. Socialization was carried out through lecture methods, group discussions, and simple simulations. The results of the study showed that before socialization, around 60% of students used gadgets for entertainment without understanding the risks involved. After socialization, there was an increase in understanding, where 85% of students were able to mention negative impacts such as dependence, physical health problems, and the risk of exposure to inappropriate content. This activity proves that interactive methods are effective in helping students understand the dangers of excessive gadget use and how to manage their use in a healthy way. Thus, ongoing socialization and more intensive digital literacy programs are expected to encourage students to use technology wisely.

DINAMIKA NEGOSIASI DAN MEMBANGUN KEPERCAYAAN PASCA PENUTUPAN TAMBANG EMAS GUNUNG BOTAK DI KABUPATEN BURU Anwar, Arman
Bina Hukum Lingkungan Vol. 1 No. 1 (2016): Bina Hukum Lingkungan, Volume 1, Nomor 1, Oktober 2016
Publisher : Asosiasi Pembina Hukum Lingkungan Indonesia (PHLI)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (245.894 KB)

Potensi kandungan emas yang sangat besar di Gunung Botak Kabupaten Buru Provinsi Maluku mestinya menjadi anugerah yang disyukuri bukan justru sebaliknya menjadi bencana atau kutukan. Betapa tidak, sejak ditemukan pada Oktober 2011 lalu telah terjadi kerusakan lingkungan yang parah akibat pencemaran zat kimia merkuri dan sianida, rusaknya vegetasi dan ekosistem di wilayah areal penambangan akibat penebangan pohon dan timbunan material limbah, serta jatuhnya korban jiwa baik karena kecelakaan kerja maupun konflik antar pendatang dan penduduk lokal, belum lagi dampak ikutan berupa terjadinya inflasi akibat naiknya harga barang-barang kebutuhan pokok di masyarakat. Kondisi realitas tersebut telah mengancam kelangsungan program pemerintah yang telah menjadikan Kabupaten Buru sebagai lumbung pangan dan perairannya menjadi lumbung ikan nasional. Berbagai upaya telah dilakukan mulai dari preventif hingga tindakan represif berupa pengusiran dan pengosongan paksa namun tetap saja tidak berhasil. Dinamika yang terjadi menjadi fenomena yang menarik untuk dikaji, Penelitian ini menggunakan Metode “Social Legal Research”, yaitu penelitian hukum yang menempatkan hukum sebagai gejala sosial. Dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan (statute approach) dan pendekatan kasus (case approach) Ditemukan bahwa secara empiris, negosiasi yang dilakukan belum sesuai dengan harapan dan penegakan hukum tidak dilaksanakan secara konsisten. Oleh karena itu, hukum tidak bekerja/berjalan di dalam masyarakat. Untuk itu perlu dilakukan penguatan kapasitas negosiator dan penyadaran hukum masyarakat serta dalam penegakan hukumnya tidak dipengaruhi oleh faktor-faktor lain diluar kepentingan hukum.

Tradisi Grindadrap: Pelanggaran Hukum Internasional Berkedok Indigenous People? Tutuarima, Meylin; Anwar, Arman; Wattimena, J.A.Y
Uti Possidetis: Journal of International Law Vol 4 No 1 (2023)
Publisher : Faculty of Law, Universitas Jambi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22437/up.v4i1.20247

Dolphins are protected animals, but dolphin hunting is still found in several countries, one of which is in the Faroe Islands, Denmark. The tradition of hunting dolphins in this country is part of the rights of indigenous peoples called grindadrap. The grindadrap tradition can be categorized as Aboriginal Subsitence Whaling (ASW), where this activity is an act of hunting whales and dolphins for the benefit of culture or traditions that exist in a country. However, this activity is a violation of the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling (ICRW). This article uses normative legal research and sources of written legal material as its analysis. The results showed that this paradigm shift in the grindadrap tradition has deviated from its main goal, namely as part of meeting people's food needs which are now turning into commercial needs and sports events so that there is a violation of law in the realm of international law. As one of the states parties to the ICRW, Denmark has an obligation to abide by the agreed rules. For this reason, Denmark has a responsibility in solving this violation problem. one of the middle ways to overcome this problem is through the development of conservation-based programs, namely the Conservation Committee Strategic Plan 2016-2026. This effort is more effective relying solely on hunting stops.Â The move was used to arouse the enthusiasm of other countries and urged the commission to develop the International Whaling Commission (IWC) into a capable organization to stop whaling and dolphin poaching.

Konsepsi Pengaturan Fosfor Putih Dalam Konflik Bersenjata Christopher Fallen, Andy; Anwar, Arman; Tuhulele, Popi
UNES Law Review Vol. 6 No. 3 (2024)
Publisher : Universitas Ekasakti

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31933/unesrev.v6i3.1853

In October 2023, there were several white phosphorus explosions fired by Israeli forces in a military operation over the Gaza city port and two rural locations along the Israel-Lebanon border. Israel-Lebanon border. The use of White Phosphorus as a weapon is in practice very lethal and torturous to both combatants and civilians. However, there is no regulation that implicitly prohibits the use of White Phosphorus in armed conflicts, resulting in the parties to the conflict using White Phosphorus. armed conflict, resulting in the parties warring parties can the use of White Phosphorus freely and resulted in great torment for people exposed to sparks from white phosphorus. This writing uses normative research methods explorative research method, with the problem approach The approaches used are statutory, conceptual, historical, and case approaches. Sources of legal material in this writing are primary legal materials, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. Technique technique of collecting legal materials using literature studies which are then analyzed qualitatively. qualitatively. From this research, it is concluded that based on the analysis Geneva Gas Protocol Conventional 1925, Chemical Weapons Convention of 1992, Protocol III of Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons 1980, the initial design of white phosphorus is not included in the categorization of white phosphorus. of white phosphorus is not included in the categorization of weapons in the three legal arrangements above. in the three legal arrangements above. However, based on reports related to the use of white phosphorus, two dangerous properties were found, namely, it contains toxic chemicals and causing burns. Based on the effects caused white phosphorus is ideally categorized as an incendiary weapon, supported by the opinion of the International Committee of Red Cross.

Legal Standing Negara Pihak Konvensi Dalam Menggugat Negara Pihak Lainnya Atas Pelanggaran Konvensi Genosida 1948 Taohi, Indisari Sahril; Anwar, Arman; Wattimena, Josina Agustina Yvonne
PATTIMURA Law Study Review Vol 3 No 2 (2025): Agustus 2025 PATTIMURA Law Study Review
Publisher : Faculty of Law Universitas Pattimura

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47268/palasrev.v3i2.13968

The birth of the 1948 Genocide Convention has bound all states parties to the convention and established obligations for them to prevent and punish genocide. However, in practice there are still countries that violate these obligations. The consequences of these violations can lead to disputes between fellow State Parties to the Genocide Convention, leading to a challenge at the International Court of Justice (ICJ). However, the process of suing must meet the requirements of legal standing, namely that the plaintiff has an interest or is directly affected by the action being sued. The research method used is normative juridical using a statute approach, conceptual approach and case approach. The results that the author concludes show that the International Court of Justice has provided arrangements regarding legal standing, namely only states are given access to disputes before the Court. The disputing state is also required to give consent to the jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice. The implementation of the legal standing of the State Parties to the Genocide Convention is carried out through Article 9 of the Genocide Convention which gives the convention parties the right to bring their disputes before the International Court of Justice. This right stems from the common interest of all States Parties to the Convention to ensure the prevention, eradication and punishment of genocide, by committing to fulfill the obligations contained in the convention, so that any state, not only the state affected by the violation can bring a claim against another state at the International Court of Justice to ensure compliance with the Genocide Convention.

Perlindungan Objek Sipil Dalam Peristiwa Penyerangan Rumah Sakit Pada Konflik Bersenjata Internasional Angriani, Lysa; Anwar, Arman; Peilouw, Johanis Steny Franco
PATTIMURA Law Study Review Vol 3 No 2 (2025): Agustus 2025 PATTIMURA Law Study Review
Publisher : Faculty of Law Universitas Pattimura

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47268/palasrev.v3i2.14154

: International Humanitarian Law was created for humanitarian reasons to limit the consequences of armed conflict. Provisions in International Humanitarian Law prohibit all forms of attacks, repressive measures, or violence against civilian objects; this includes hospitals, which receive special protection. Regulations on the protection of hospitals as civilian objects are based on Article 19 of the Geneva Convention I, Article 22 of the Geneva Convention II, and Article 27 of the Hague Convention IV. Violations of these are categorized as war crimes based on Article 8 paragraph 2 letter b number ix of the 1998 Rome Statute. War crimes, in this case Israel carrying out attacks on Palestinian hospitals in Gaza, can be tried in accordance with the jurisdiction of the ICC and with the authority of the UN Security Council if Israel cannot carry out law enforcement processes in accordance with its national law.

Jurisdiksi International Criminal Court (ICC) Terhadap Presiden Rusia Vladimir Putin Berdasarkan Ketentuan Hukum Humaniter Internasional Tuasalamony, Rauda Fil Jannah; Wattimena, Josina Augustina Yvonne; Anwar, Arman
PATTIMURA Law Study Review Vol 3 No 3 (2025): Desember 2025 PATTIMURA Law Study Review
Publisher : Faculty of Law Universitas Pattimura

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47268/palasrev.v3i3.14380

The International Criminal Court (ICC) is important in enforcing international law, especially against serious crimes. In March 2023 the ICC issued an arrest warrant for President Vladimir Putin regarding his crimes against humanity and war crimes, even though Russia is not a member country of the ICC. The issues in this writing include, whether Russian President Vladimir Putin can be arrested by the International ICC under the provisions of International Humanitarian Law and whether Russian President Vladimir Putin can be held accountable to the ICC under the provisions of International Humanitarian Law. The research method applied is normative legal research by studying legal library materials through statutory, case, and conceptual approaches and using quanlitative analysis. Research results show that the ICC has limited jurisdiction and cannot outperform national courts, it does not have the power to enforce arrest and accountability without Russia's cooperation. Russia also has veto rights at the UN, so Russia can use its veto rights to protect its national interests. Even though it is difficult for the ICC to arrest and hold Putin accountable, the arrest warrant affects Russia's political and diplomatic relations. The research aims to serve as input for legal science, especially in International Law related to the Arrest and Accountability of Russian President Vladimir Putin to the ICC Based on the Provisions of International Humanitarian Law.

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