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Dormant No More: The Neurogical Impact of Herpes Simplex Virus Reactivation Following Traumatic Brain Injury Johansyah, Theodorus Kevin Putra; Soetomo, Cindy Thiovany; Tiffany, Tiffany; Maliawan, Sri
Jurnal Neuroanestesi Indonesia Vol 14, No 1 (2025)
Publisher : https://snacc.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/fall/Intl-news3.html

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24244/jni.v14i1.659

Abstract

Herpes simplex viruses (HSV), including HSV-1 and HSV-2, are neurotropic viruses capable of establishing lifelong latency in sensory ganglia and reactivating under various triggers, including traumatic brain injury (TBI). TBI induces secondary injury cascades such as neuroinflammation, excitotoxicity, and blood-brain barrier disruption, which create a conducive environment for HSV reactivation. The reactivation of HSV after TBI, particularly HSV-1 and HSV-2, can lead to significant neurological consequences, including encephalitis, cognitive decline, and the development of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimers disease and Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy. Current therapeutic approaches focus on antiviral agents like acyclovir and valacyclovir, which manage acute HSV infection but are less effective in preventing long-term neurological damage. Emerging research highlights the potential of anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective strategies to complement antiviral therapies, aiming to reduce the neuronal damage caused by viral reactivation and inflammation. However, gaps remain in understanding the precise mechanisms linking TBI-induced neuroinflammation to HSV reactivation and its long-term impact on neurological health. This review synthesizes the current literature on the pathophysiology of HSV reactivation following TBI, and their contributions to acute and chronic neurological outcomes
Clinical effects of Spirulina supplementation on hemoglobin levels in anemic pregnant women: a systematic review and meta-analysis Budi Gunawan, Made Favian; Soetomo, Cindy Thiovany; Darmayasa, Putu Bagus; Paramyta, I Gusti Ayu Cintya; Jayakusuma, I Putu Prabawa; Gunawan, I Made Indera
Indonesian Journal of Biomedicine and Clinical Sciences Vol 58 No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Published by Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/inajbcs.v58i1.23573

Abstract

Anemia during pregnancy continues to pose a significant burden, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Anemia is a major contributor in increasing maternal illness and negative pregnancy outcomes. Spirulina, a nutrient-dense blue-green alga rich in bioavailable iron, has gained attention as a potential nutritional intervention to support hemoglobin improvement in pregnancy. This systematic review and meta-analysis, adhering to PRISMA standards, sought to assess the impact of Spirulina supplementation on improving hemoglobin levels among pregnant women. A single-arm meta-analysis was performed to assess the change in hemoglobin levels before and after Spirulina supplementation, while a comparative meta-analysis evaluated the mean difference in hemoglobin improvement between Spirulina and standard iron supplementation. Four eligible studies involving 1,070 pregnant women were included. The single-arm analysis demonstrated a significant increase in hemoglobin levels following Spirulina supplementation, with a pooled mean difference (MD) of 1.81 g/dL (95% CI: 0.24 - 3.39; p = 0.024). In the comparative analysis, Spirulina showed a non-significant trend toward higher hemoglobin than standard iron, with a pooled MD of 1.45 g/dL (95% CI: –0.22 - 3.13; p = 0.088). Risk of bias was low to moderate, and the overall certainty of evidence was classified as moderate. These findings suggest that Spirulina may be a promising adjunct for improving maternal hemoglobin, particularly in settings where local cultivation and food-based approaches are preferred. Further high-quality randomized trials are recommended to ascertain its clinical efficacy and inform policy on its integration into maternal nutrition programs.