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Modifikasi Sodium Lignosulfonat Melalui Epoksidasi Minyak Biji Kapuk dan Penambahan Kosurfaktan Muhammad Khoirul Anam; Suryo Purwono; Supranto
Jurnal Rekayasa Proses Vol 9, No 2 (2015)
Publisher : Departemen Teknik Kimia Fakultas Teknik Universitas Gadjah Mada

The objective of this research is to reduce the interfacial tension of sodium lignosulfonate (SLS). SLS formulation (1%) showed the interfacial tension of 2.34 mN/m. This value is still relatively large when compared to interfacial tention of required surfactant for enhanced oil recovery (EOR). The terms of surfactants that can be used in EOR must have ≤10-3 mN/m interfacial tension. The performance of SLS was expected to be improved by adding the epoxide compound and co-surfactants (1-octanol). Epoxide compound was made by reacting kapok oil with acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide with in-situ method. Temperature of epoxidation reaction was varied i.e. 60°C, 70°C and 80°C, while the time of reaction was varied from 15 to 90 minutes. The evaluation showed that equation of the reaction rate coefficient (k) for the epoxide was ????= 124,82 exp (−24,14/RT). The addition of the epoxide compound 0.5% w/w of the formulation SLS was able to reduce the interfacial tension value up to 9.95 x 10-2 mN/m. The addition of co-surfactant (1-oktanol) was varied between 0.1 and 0.4% of the total mass (SLS + epoxide + water formation). The lowest interfacial tension (2.43 x 10-3 mN/m) was obtained by co-surfactants addition of 0.2% w/w. Keywords: Sodium lignosulfonat, epoxidation kapok oil, co-surfactant, interfacial tension, enhanced oil recovery Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menurunkan tegangan antarmuka dari sodium lignosulfonat (SLS). Pengukuran tegangan antarmuka yang telah dilakukaan pada formulasi sodium lignosulfonat atau SLS (1%) memiliki nilai tegangan antarmuka sebesar 2,34 mN/m. Nilai tegangan antarmuka dari SLS ini masih relatif besar jika dibandingkan dengan syarat surfaktan untuk perolehan kembali minyak bumi atau enhanced oil recovery (EOR). Syarat surfaktan sebagai agen EOR adalah memiliki nilai tegangan antarmuka sebesar ≤10-3 mN/m. Kekurangan dari SLS diharapkan dapat diperbaiki dengan penambahan senyawa epoksida dan kosurfaktan (1-oktanol). Senyawa epoksida dibuat dengan mereaksikan sabun minyak biji kapuk dengan asam asetat dan hidrogen peroksida secara insitu. Reaksi epoksidasi divariasikan pada suhu 60oC, 70oC, dan 80oC, sedangkan waktu reaksi divariasikan pada rentang 15 dan 90 menit. Persamaan konstanta laju reaksi untuk epoksidasi diperoleh sebesar ????= 124,82 exp (−24,14/RT). Penambahan senyawa epoksida 0,5% w/w pada formulasi SLS mampu menurunkan nilai Tegangan antarmuka hingga 9,95x10-2 mN/m. Penambahan kosurfaktan 1-oktanol divariasikan antara 0,1–0,4% dari massa total formulasi utama (SLS+Epoksida+Air Formasi). Nilai tegangan antarmuka terkecil diperoleh pada penambahan kosurfaktan sebanyak 0,2% w/w, yaitu sebesar 2,43x10-3 mN/m. Kata kunci: Sodium lignosulfonat, epoksidasi, minyak biji kapuk, kosurfaktan, tegangan antarmuka, enhanced oil recovery

Modifikasi Sodium Lignosulfonat Melalui Epoksidasi Minyak Biji Kapuk dan Penambahan Kosurfaktan Muhammad Khoirul Anam; Suryo Purwono; Supranto
Jurnal Rekayasa Proses Vol 9, No 2 (2015)
Publisher : Departemen Teknik Kimia Fakultas Teknik Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/jrekpros.31032

The objective of this research is to reduce the interfacial tension of sodium lignosulfonate (SLS). SLS formulation (1%) showed the interfacial tension of 2.34 mN/m. This value is still relatively large when compared to interfacial tention of required surfactant for enhanced oil recovery (EOR). The terms of surfactants that can be used in EOR must have ≤10-3 mN/m interfacial tension. The performance of SLS was expected to be improved by adding the epoxide compound and co-surfactants (1-octanol). Epoxide compound was made by reacting kapok oil with acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide with in-situ method. Temperature of epoxidation reaction was varied i.e. 60°C, 70°C and 80°C, while the time of reaction was varied from 15 to 90 minutes. The evaluation showed that equation of the reaction rate coefficient (k) for the epoxide was ????= 124,82 exp (−24,14/RT). The addition of the epoxide compound 0.5% w/w of the formulation SLS was able to reduce the interfacial tension value up to 9.95 x 10-2 mN/m. The addition of co-surfactant (1-oktanol) was varied between 0.1 and 0.4% of the total mass (SLS + epoxide + water formation). The lowest interfacial tension (2.43 x 10-3 mN/m) was obtained by co-surfactants addition of 0.2% w/w. Keywords: Sodium lignosulfonat, epoxidation kapok oil, co-surfactant, interfacial tension, enhanced oil recovery Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menurunkan tegangan antarmuka dari sodium lignosulfonat (SLS). Pengukuran tegangan antarmuka yang telah dilakukaan pada formulasi sodium lignosulfonat atau SLS (1%) memiliki nilai tegangan antarmuka sebesar 2,34 mN/m. Nilai tegangan antarmuka dari SLS ini masih relatif besar jika dibandingkan dengan syarat surfaktan untuk perolehan kembali minyak bumi atau enhanced oil recovery (EOR). Syarat surfaktan sebagai agen EOR adalah memiliki nilai tegangan antarmuka sebesar ≤10-3 mN/m. Kekurangan dari SLS diharapkan dapat diperbaiki dengan penambahan senyawa epoksida dan kosurfaktan (1-oktanol). Senyawa epoksida dibuat dengan mereaksikan sabun minyak biji kapuk dengan asam asetat dan hidrogen peroksida secara insitu. Reaksi epoksidasi divariasikan pada suhu 60oC, 70oC, dan 80oC, sedangkan waktu reaksi divariasikan pada rentang 15 dan 90 menit. Persamaan konstanta laju reaksi untuk epoksidasi diperoleh sebesar ????= 124,82 exp (−24,14/RT). Penambahan senyawa epoksida 0,5% w/w pada formulasi SLS mampu menurunkan nilai Tegangan antarmuka hingga 9,95x10-2 mN/m. Penambahan kosurfaktan 1-oktanol divariasikan antara 0,1–0,4% dari massa total formulasi utama (SLS+Epoksida+Air Formasi). Nilai tegangan antarmuka terkecil diperoleh pada penambahan kosurfaktan sebanyak 0,2% w/w, yaitu sebesar 2,43x10-3 mN/m. Kata kunci: Sodium lignosulfonat, epoksidasi, minyak biji kapuk, kosurfaktan, tegangan antarmuka, enhanced oil recovery

Deteksi Formalin Menggunakan Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) Berbasis Nanopartikel Perak sebagai Pengembangan Awal Teknologi Food Safety Muhammad Khoirul Anam; Risma Narindra; Thoyibi T; Kamsul Abraha
INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS Vol 3, No 02 (2013): IJAP VOLUME 03 ISSUE 02 YEAR 2013
Publisher : Department of Physics, Sebelas Maret University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/ijap.v3i02.1274

The phenomena of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) has been observed. SPR is reflectance curve as a function of incident angle in Kretschmann configuration. Surface plasmon is electromagnetic waves propagation in the interface area between metal and dielectric that can be excited by using attenuated total reflection (ATR) method. The result of experiment explains that the SPR angle on the thin film system of the prism/silver 1 and the prism/silver 2 is (42.8± 0,05)º with the reflectance value 0.32 and 0.44 respectively. On the prism/silver/silver nanoparticle system, it is obtained that SPR angle value is (4,29 ± 0,05) with the reflectance value 0.29 for the silver 1 and 0.31 for the silver 2. After the thin film system is added with 40% of formalin, SPR angle becomes (43,0 ± 0,05)º with the reflectance value 0.44. Then, after the thin film system is added with 100% of formalin, SPR angle becomes (43,2 ± 0,05)ºwith the reflectance value 0.4. The shifting SPR angle shows that SPR have capability as formalin sensor.

URGENSI PENGATURAN PERDAGANGAN PENGARUH DI INDONESIA (Studi Putusan No. 1195 K/Pid.Sus/2014) Muhammad Khoirul Anam
Kumpulan Jurnal Mahasiswa Fakultas Hukum Sarjana Ilmu Hukum, Maret 2022
Publisher : Kumpulan Jurnal Mahasiswa Fakultas Hukum

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar

Muhammad Khoirul Anam, Bambang Sugiri, Milda Istiqomah Fakultas Hukum, Universitas Brawijaya Jl. MT. Haryono No. 169 Malang e-mail: thisisanam6@student.ub.ac.id ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bermaksud untuk mengetahui bagaimana konsep perdagangan pengaruh di dalam konvensi internasional maupun negara lain dan mengetahui apakah pasal-pasal di dalam UU Korupsi bisa diterapkan terhadap perdagangan pengaruh (studi putusan No. 1195 K/Pid.Sus/2014). Luthfi Hasan Ishaaq sebagai Anggota DPR-RI dan Presiden PKS membantu Maria Elizabeth Liman mendapatkan surat rekomendasi persetujuan peningkatan kapasitas impor daging sapi di Kementerian Pertanian dengan mempertemukannya dengan Suswono (Menteri Pertanian) yang juga merupakan Kader PKS. Luthfi Hasan Ishaaq melalui Ahmad Fathanah menerima komitmen fee sebanyak 1M dari Maria Elizabeth Liman atas bantuannya mendapatkan surat rekomendasi peningkatan kapasitas impor daging sapi di Kementerian Pertanian. Perbuatan Luthfi Hasan Ishaaq tersebut dijerat dengan pasal suap akan tetapi ada indikasi bahwa perbuatan itu adalah perdagangan pengaruh. Ini merupakan penelitian hukum yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan konsep dan undang-undang yang dilakukan untuk mendapatkan konsep tentang perdagangan pengaruh di dalam konvensi internasional maupun negara lain dan kesimpulan mengenai apakah pasal-pasal di dalam UU Korupsi bisa diterapkan terhadap perdagangan pengaruh. Pengambilan data dilakukan dengan metode studi kepustakaan, wawancara, maupun studi dokumentasi terhadap bahan hukum yang ada di pusat dokumentasi dan informasi hukum. Teknik analisis data penelitian ini dilakukan dengan langkah inventarisasi, identifikasi, sistematisasi, dan kemudian dianalisis secara kualitatif yaitu menguraikan secara deskriptif dalam bentuk kalimat yang logis, koheren, sistematis dan efektif. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini, diketahui bahwa konsep perdagangan pengaruh dalam konvensi internasional maupun negara lain berbeda-beda tergantung pada legislator dan ketentuan hukum lain yang terlebih dahulu sudah berlaku dan pasal-pasal di dalam UU Korupsi tidak bisa diterapkan terhadap perdagangan pengaruh. Kata kunci: Urgensi Pengaturan, Perdagangan Pengaruh, Korupsi, Studi Putusan ABSTRACT This research aims to find out how the concepts of trading in influence in international conventions or other countries work and whether the articles in Corruption law in Indonesia can apply to trading in influence in Indonesia. Luthfi Hasan Ishaaq as a member of the House of Representatives of the Republic of Indonesia (DPR-RI) and the President of PKS assisted Maria Elizabeth Lima to get a recommendation letter of approval to increase beef import capacity in the Ministry of Agriculture by setting a meeting between her and the Minister of Agriculture who also serves as the cadre of PKS. Through Ahmad Fathanah, Luthfi Hasan Ishaaq received 1 billion rupiahs from Maria Elizabeth for the recommendation letter. This conduct was punishable by law concerning bribery while it can also indicate that this is a part of trading in influence. This research is categorized as normative-juridical methods with conceptual and statutory approaches to find out the concepts of trading in influence in international conventions or other countries and to find out whether articles in corruption law fit the cases of trading in influence. The data was collected from library research, interviews, and documents in the documentation and legal information center. The data were inventoried, identified, systematized, and analyzed based on qualitative and descriptive methods that present the research in logical, coherent, systematic, and effective ways. The research reveals tha

Sistem Prediksi Harga Kripto Dengan Metode Regresi Muhammad Khoirul Anam; Deni Ahmad Jakaria
JATISI (Jurnal Teknik Informatika dan Sistem Informasi) Vol 10 No 2 (2023): JATISI (Jurnal Teknik Informatika dan Sistem Informasi)
Publisher : Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian pada Masyarakat (LPPM) STMIK Global Informatika MDP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35957/jatisi.v10i2.4787

Predicting crypto prices is a challenge because the crypto market is very volatile and unpredictable. In this work, we present a crypto price prediction system that uses the regression method to plot curves on a historical crypto price dataset. The system consists of several stages, including data collection, data pre-processing, model training, prediction, and evaluation. Model performance is evaluated by comparing the predictions made by the model with actual prices and calculating metrics such as mean absolute error or mean squared error. The system is expected to help in deciding to buy, sell or hold owned crypto assets and the system used uses the Python programming language which is one of the languages which has machine learning features for the implementation of artificial intelligence (AI).

Nilai-Nilai Pendidikan Karakter dalam Buku “Saleh Ritual Saleh Sosial” Karya Kh. A. Mustofa Bisri Muhammad Khoirul Anam; Agus Sutiyono; Ahmad Maghfurin
DIAJAR: Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pembelajaran Vol. 3 No. 2 (2024): April 2024
Publisher : Yayasan Pendidikan Penelitian Pengabdian Algero

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.54259/diajar.v3i2.2499

Character education has always been an important pillar of education in facing various problems. The problem with our education is that we often encounter students who summarize the things they have done, fight, have low respect for parents and teachers, speak impolite words in communication and often use harsh and even dirty words.This study focuses on the values of character education contained in the book "Saleh Ritual Saleh Sosial" by KH. A. Mustofa Bisri. In this study, the author aims to reveal some of the character education values contained in the book. The approach used in this research is a qualitative approach. While the method used is content analysis, a method used to reveal a large text. organized into main summaries.As for the values of character education found, there are seventen values of character education, namely 1) Adil, 2) Dermawan`, 3) Musyawah 4)Tawadhu` 5) Saleh, 6) Manusiawi, 7) Sabar, 8) Syukur, 9)Takwa, 10) Ridha, 11) Guyub, 12) Jejeg, 13) Istiqamah, 14) Iqtishat, 15)Halim, 16) I`tidal, 17) Sak Madyo.

Pengaruh Media Sosial dan Video Konferensi terhadap Hasil Belajar Mahasiswa Muhammad Khoirul Anam; Desty Endrawati Subroto; Nazswa Prenita Anggraini; Rifdah Rofiqoh
JIMAD: Jurnal Ilmiah Mutiara Pendidikan Vol. 3 No. 1 (2025): JIMAD - FEBRUARI
Publisher : PT. Penerbit Tiga Mutiara

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61404/jimad.v3i1.359

This study aims to examine the influence of social media and video conferencing applications on the learning outcomes of students at Bina Bangsa University. In line with the rapid adoption of digital technology in the education sector, this research focuses on evaluating the effectiveness of social media and video conferencing apps in supporting flexible, interactive, and collaborative learning. Using a quantitative approach with descriptive and explanatory methods, data was collected from 50 respondents selected through stratified random sampling. The results indicate that WhatsApp is the most widely used social media platform by students (46.15%), while the most dominant video conferencing application is Zoom (61.54%). Students recognize the important role of social media in facilitating efficient communication, while video conferencing apps provide significant benefits in real-time interactivity. The combination of these two platforms has proven to significantly enhance students' learning motivation, with 84.62% of respondents acknowledging a positive impact on their learning process. This study emphasizes that the utilization of digital technology, such as social media and video conferencing apps, plays a crucial role in supporting more flexible and adaptive education. Therefore, the findings of this study recommend that educational institutions optimize the use of digital technology in learning to meet the demands of an evolving education system in this digital era.

Administrative Transformation Toward Integrated Digital Education Services at Madrasah Muhammad Khoirul Anam; Ichsan Iqbal Firdaus; Yuliang Angga Pratama; Lailis Sofia; Kholi Sotus Sariroh; Naimul Khunaifa
Journal of Educational Management Research Vol. 5 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Al-Qalam Institue

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61987/jemr.v5i1.1632

This study aims to analyze the digital transformation of educational administration at MTs Miftahul Jannah, Ngawi, in order to improve service quality and operational efficiency. In the digital era, educational institutions are required to shift from manual administrative processes to integrated digital systems to ensure transparency and data-driven decision-making. This research employed a qualitative approach using a field research design. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, focus group discussions (FGDs), and field observations involving the principal, administrative staff, and students. Data analysis followed the interactive model of Miles and Huberman, consisting of data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. The findings indicate that MTs Miftahul Jannah has successfully initiated digital transformation in financial administration by utilizing digital platforms such as Google Forms and AppSheet, which contributed to improved efficiency, accuracy, and responsiveness of administrative services. However, the transformation has not yet been fully integrated due to challenges related to unstable internet connectivity and limited digital literacy among human resources. The study implies that sustainable digital transformation in madrasah administration requires continuous capacity building, systematic training programs, and strengthened technological infrastructure. These efforts are essential to achieving a fully integrated digital education service system by 2029

Implementation of digital marketing in Khoirul’s business: Topup via Instagram acccount as an effective promotional medium Sakina Sudin; Sutisna Jayaatmaja; Muhammad Khoirul Anam; Muhammad Irmanto; Algifahri Suhaeman
Ambidextrous Journal of Innovation Efficiency and Technology in Organization Vol. 3 No. 01: Human-Centered Innovation and Digital Resilience: Rethinking People, Products, and Pe
Publisher : Takaza Innovatix Labs Ltd.

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61536/ambidextrous.v3i01.424

The digital transformation of micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) represents a critical evolution in contemporary business ecosystems, particularly within emerging economies. Indonesia exemplifies this phenomenon, where digital marketing adoption has accelerated dramatically, with approximately 74.6% of the population actively using the internet and 191.4 million citizens engaging with social media platforms as of early 2025 (We Are Social, 2024). This proliferation of digital connectivity has fundamentally reconfigured marketing paradigms, enabling MSMEs to transcend geographical constraints and access previously unreachable market segments (Putra & Arifin, 2021). Research indicates that Indonesian MSMEs implementing structured digital marketing strategies report sales increases of 20-30% within the first year of adoption, while simultaneously reducing promotional expenditures by up to 70% (Tambunan & Busnetti, 2024; Utomo, 2024). The strategic integration of digital technologies has become indispensable for business survival and competitive positioning, particularly as the post-pandemic economic landscape demands greater operational resilience and market adaptability. Among available digital platforms, Instagram has emerged as the dominant marketing channel for Indonesian MSMEs, commanding 84.8% user penetration and offering sophisticated features for visual storytelling, direct customer engagement, and transactional facilitation (We Are Social, 2024). The platform's visual-centric architecture supports diverse content formats including feeds, stories, reels, and direct messaging, which collectively enable businesses to construct compelling brand narratives and foster interactive consumer relationships (Jenifer & Nawangpalupi, 2024). Empirical evidence demonstrates that Instagram marketing activities significantly enhance brand awareness and consumer engagement, with creative content strategies correlating strongly with purchase intention (Karuehni, 2024; Rahman, 2022). Ahmad (2021) further confirms that Instagram Ads increase brand awareness by 65% when deployed with precise audience targeting xand engaging visual content, while Nugraha (2022) documents that consistent posting, interactive stories, and promotional giveaways substantially elevate brand recognition and customer acquisition for culinary MSMEs. Despite these promising indicators, a substantial implementation gap persists between digital marketing potential and actual practice among Indonesian micro-enterprises. Putri (2023) reveals that many MSMEs in Bandung continue relying on conventional promotional methods, limiting market reach and growth trajectory. This reluctance stems from multifaceted barriers including limited digital literacy, resource constraints, and inadequate understanding of strategic content planning (Purnamasari, 2024). Yusuf and Andini (2024) identify that while digital marketing reduces promotion costs by 70% and increases revenue, micro-enterprises particularly struggle with systematic implementation, often adopting fragmented approaches that fail to maximize platform capabilities. Hanum (2024) corroborates these findings, demonstrating that entrepreneurial orientation alone insufficiently drives performance without mediated social media adoption strategies, highlighting the necessity of structured digital marketing frameworks. The specific challenges confronting micro-enterprises in the digital marketing domain require targeted investigation. Suryani (2023) enumerates persistent obstacles including technical skill deficiencies, financial limitations, and difficulties in maintaining content consistency. Micro-enterprises specializing in digital services, such as mobile top-up businesses, face additional complexities in establishing credibility and differentiating themselves within saturated markets (Permatasari, 2024). Swastika (2025) documents that MSMEs implementing Instagram Ads experienced follower growth from 833 to over 1,000 within six months and increased customer interactions from 50 to 70 per post, yet acknowledges that sustained success demands continuous content innovation and responsive customer engagement. These findings underscore the critical need for context-specific digital marketing models tailored to the operational realities and resource constraints of micro-scale service providers. This research addresses these gaps by implementing and evaluating a comprehensive digital marketing strategy for Khoirul.topup, a micro-enterprise providing mobile top-up and digital payment services, utilizing Instagram as the primary promotional platform. The study's objectives are threefold: to systematically implement digital marketing through Instagram business account optimization, strategic content creation, and performance evaluation using Instagram Insights; to assess the platform's effectiveness in expanding promotional reach and enhancing customer interaction; and to identify implementation challenges and develop evidence-based solutions. The urgency of this investigation is amplified by Indonesia's accelerating digital economy, where micro-enterprises must rapidly adapt to remain viable (Rahmawati, 2025). This study's novelty lies in its focused examination of Instagram marketing within the specific context of digital service micro-enterprises, providing a replicable implementation framework that integrates visual branding, interactive content strategies, and direct transaction facilitation through Instagram's direct messaging feature, thereby contributing empirical insights to the limited literature on micro-enterprise digital transformation in service sectors.

Dinamika Dukungan Sosial Orang Tua Pada Anak Disabilitas Tuna Daksa Di SLB Negeri Cendono Kudus Najwa Aurellia Putri; Amalia Vika, Istiana; Muhammad Khoirul Anam; Yanuar Evan Saputra
PESHUM : Jurnal Pendidikan, Sosial dan Humaniora Vol. 5 No. 2: Februari 2026
Publisher : CV. Ulil Albab Corp

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.56799/peshum.v5i2.14386

Orang tua anak tunadaksa sering menghadapi tantangan-tantanganyang cukup kompleks ketika pertama kali menerima kondisianaknya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menggambarkan prosespenerimaan orang tua serta bentuk dukungan sosial yang diperolehdalam menghadapi kondisi anak tunadaksa. Penelitianmenggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan desain studi kasus,melibatkan tiga orang tua peserta didik tunadaksa di SLB Negeri Cendono Kudus. Data dikumpulkan melalui wawancara mendalamdan triangulasi dari guru pendamping, kemudian dianalisismenggunakan teknik analisis tematik. Hasil penelitianmenunjukkan bahwa seluruh subjek mengalami fase awal reaksiemosional berupa kaget, penolakan, dan trauma. Proses penerimaanberlangsung secara bertahap dan dipengaruhi oleh ketersediaandukungan emosional dari keluarga inti, keluarga besar, dan lingkungan sosial. Temuan juga menunjukkan variasi dalamkualitas dan intensitas dukungan emosional yang diterima, yang turut memengaruhi kemampuan orang tua dalam beradaptasidengan kondisi anak. Kesimpulannya, penerimaan orang tua sangat dipengaruhi oleh akses terhadap dukungan sosial yang memadaiserta respons sosial yang positif dari lingkungan sekitar.

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