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Utilizing Shear Factor Model and Adding Viscosity Term in Improving a Two-Dimensional Model of Fluid Flow in Non Uniform Porous Media Bindar, Yazid; Makertihartha, IGBN; Supardan, M. Dani; Buchori, Luqman
Journal of Engineering and Technological Sciences Vol 39, No 2 (2007)
Publisher : ITB Journal Publisher, LPPM ITB

In a packed bed catalytic reactor, the fluid flow phenomena are very complicated because the fluid and solid particle interactions dissipate the energy. The governing equationsÂ were developed in theÂ forms ofÂ specificÂ models. The shear factorÂ model was introduced in the momentum equation for covering the effectÂ ofÂ flowÂ andÂ solidÂ interactionsÂ inÂ porousÂ media.Â Â AÂ twoÂ dimensional numericalÂ solutionÂ forÂ thisÂ kindÂ ofÂ flowÂ hasÂ beenÂ constructedÂ usingÂ theÂ finite volumeÂ method.Â TheÂ porousÂ mediaÂ porosityÂ wasÂ treatedÂ asÂ non-uniform distributionÂ inÂ theÂ radialÂ direction.Â Experimentally,Â theÂ axialÂ velocityÂ profiles produceÂ theÂ trendÂ ofÂ havingÂ globalÂ maximumÂ andÂ minimumÂ peaksÂ atÂ distance very close to the wall. This trend is also accurately picked up by the numerical result. A more comprehensive shear factor formulation results a better velocity prediction than other correlations do. Our derivation on the presence of porous media leads to an additional viscosity term. The effect of this additional viscosity term was investigated numerically. It is found that the additional viscosity term improvesÂ theÂ velocityÂ predictionÂ forÂ theÂ caseÂ ofÂ higherÂ ratioÂ betweenÂ tubeÂ and particle diameters

Preparasi katalis nafta hidritreating dengan fasa aktif Ni-Mo pada penyangga lempung berpilar Rinaldi, Nino; Subagjo, S; Makertihartha, IGBN; Haerudin, Hery
Jurnal Teknik Kimia Indonesia Vol 7, No 2 (2008)
Publisher : ASOSIASI PENDIDIKAN TINGGI TEKNIK KIMIA INDONESIA (APTEKIM)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.5614/jtki.2008.7.2.1

Research on a subject of the preparation of Ni-Mo catalyst on pillared clay support by wetness impregnation method will be investigated in laboratory. The metal concentration of Mo, which will be treated, is roughly 20 %wt and of Ni is 3 %wt. Due to using MoO3 as the metal active catalyst; therefore the support has to contain a specific surface area more than 210 m2/gr in order to achieve the high dispersion of active metal on the support. Also, the effect of the pH of the Mo impregnation solution to the metal active dispersion and activity for Coker naphtha hydrodesulfurization (HDS) will be studied. Characterization of the catalyst will be conducted by using X-ray Diffraction, FT-Infrared, X-ray fluorescence and nitrogen sorption measurement. It is found that the surface area of the support is generated almost 280 m2/gr by pillarization with the oxide composition of the catalyst was 12%-wt of MoO3 and 1.4%-wt of NiO. NiMo-PILC pH-10 catalyst had higher dispersion of active metal on the support than NiMo-PILC pH-1 catalyst. On NiMo-PILC pH-10 catalyst, there was a substantial part of Mo species in the interlayer space of the Al-pillared lay, probably in interaction with the alumina pillar. Â Although, it has to be more detail investigated. From the result of the activity test for Coker naphtha HDS showed that NiMoÂ PILC pH-10 catalyst had slightly higher activity than NiMo-PILC pH-1 catalyst. However, the both of catalyst still had not good enough activity if compare with the commercial catalyst.Keywords: Montmorillonite-Pillared Clay, Ni-Mo catalyst, PreparationÂ AbstrakÂ Suatu penelitian mengenai preparasi katalis Ni-Mo pada penyangga lempung berpilar dengan metoda impregnasi basah dirancang dan dilakukan dalam skala laboratorium. Konsentrasi logam Mo yang digunakan sebesar 13%-b MoO3 dan logam Ni 4%-b NiO. Karena fasa aktif katalis yang digunakan adalah MoO3 maka luas permukaan penyangga yang dibutuhkan adalah lebih besar dari 210 m2/gr guna mendapatkan dispersi yang tinggi. Selain itu, dipelajari juga efek pH larutan impregnasi Mo terhadap dispersi fasa aktif dan aktivitas katalis pada reaksi hidrodesulfurisasi coker nafta. Karakterisasi katalis berpenyangga dilakukan dengan menggunakan alat difraksi sinar-x, FT-IR, XRF serta dilakukan pengukuran luas permukaan spesifiknya. Dari penelitian ini, didapatkan luas permukaan penyangga lempung berpilar sebesar 277 m2/gr dengan komposisi okasida katalis NiMo yang dihasilkan adalah 12%-b MoO3 dan 1.4%-b NiO. Katalis NiMo-PILC pH-1O memiliki dispersi logam aktif yang lebih tinggi pada penyangga jika dibandingkan dengan katalis NiMo-PILC pH-1. Selain itu, pada katalis NiMo-PILC pH-10 ditemukan adanya sebagian logam Mo yang masuk kedalam ruang interlayer dari lempung, yang diduga menjadi pilar. Namun hal ini harus diteliti lebih detail. Hasil uji aktivitas katalis pada reaksi HDS coker nafta menunjukan bahwa katalis NiMo-PILC pH-10 memiliki aktivitas yang lebih tinggi jika dibandingkan dengan katalis NiMo-PILC pH-1. Namun aktivitas dari kedua katalis tersebut masih di bawah dari katalis hidrotreating komersial.Â Kata kunci: Coker Nafta, Katalis Ni-Mo, Lempung Berpilar, Preparasi

Sintesis penyangga katalis gamma alumina dari aluminium sulfat Lintang Adi Pradana; Kemal Naser; T Walmiki Samadhi; IGBN Makertihartha
Jurnal Teknik Kimia Indonesia Vol 7, No 2 (2008)
Publisher : ASOSIASI PENDIDIKAN TINGGI TEKNIK KIMIA INDONESIA (APTEKIM)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.5614/jtki.2008.7.2.4

Hydrotreating is a processing step in petroleum refinery, whose purpose is to remove impurities in refining feedstock. The performance of a hydrotreater is determined by the catalyst used in the process. One of the commonly used materials for catalyst support is gamma alumina, which in Indonesia is still being imported. The objective of this research is to define the recipe (operating conditions and working procedures) for synthesizing commercial-quality gamma alumina powder, as indicated by crystal structure and specific surface area specifications. The synthesis method used in this research is based on the procedure patented by Rana (2004). Gamma alumina is synthesized via precipitation, using technical grade alum (aluminum sulfate) as alumina source, and urea, ammonium hydroxide, and ammonium carbonate as precipitating agents. Alumina hydrate calcination temperature is varied at 550, 650 and 750°C. Calcination time is varied at 5 and 10 hours. Optimum calcination condition is achieved at a temperature of 750 °C for 10 hours. From the main experiment, it has been identified that gamma alumina with the best crystal structure is obtained by using ammonium carbonate as precipitating agent. The highest specific surface area is obtained by using continuous heating and stirring, using urea precipitating agent.Keywords: hydrotreating, gamma alumina, precipitation AbstrakHydrotreating merupakan tahapan pengolahan minyak bumi untuk menghilangkan pengotor di dalamnya. Kinerjanya dipengaruhi oleh katalis yang digunakan. Salah satu komponen katalis adalah penyangga. Bahan yang umum digunakan sebagai penyangga katalis hydrotreating adalah gamma alumina. Gamma alumina yang digunakan di Indonesia masih diimpor. Tujuan penelitian adalah menentukan resep (kondisi operasi dan prosedur kerja) sintesis gamma alumina fasa serbuk dengan kualitas komersial, yang mencakup spesifikasi struktur kristal dan luas permukaan. Sintesis gamma alumina pada penelitian ini menggunakan prosedur yang dipatenkan oleh Rana). Metode yang dilakukan adalah presipitasi dengan bahan baku tawas dan presipitator berupa urea, amonium hidroksida, dan amonium karbonat. Temperatur kalsinasi divariasikan pada 550, 650, dan 750°C. Waktu kalsinasi divariasikan pada 5 dan 10 jam. Kondisi optimum dicapai pada temperature kalsinasi 750°C selama 10 jam. Dari percobaan inti didapatkan bahwa gamma alumina dengan struktur kristal terbaik diperoleh dari presipitator amonium karbonat. Gamma alumina dengan luas permukaan terbesar diperoleh dari metode pemanasan serta pengadukan kontinu menggunakan presipitator urea.Kata kunci: hydrotreating, gamma alumina, presipitasi

Utilizing Shear Factor Model and Adding Viscosity Term in Improving a Two-Dimensional Model of Fluid Flow in Non Uniform Porous Media Yazid Bindar; IGBN Makertihartha; M. Dani Supardan; Luqman Buchori
Journal of Engineering and Technological Sciences Vol. 39 No. 2 (2007)
Publisher : Institute for Research and Community Services, Institut Teknologi Bandung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.5614/itbj.eng.sci.2007.39.2.3

In a packed bed catalytic reactor, the fluid flow phenomena are very complicated because the fluid and solid particle interactions dissipate the energy. The governing equations were developed in the forms of specific models. The shear factor model was introduced in the momentum equation for covering the effect of flow and solid interactions in porous media. A two dimensional numerical solution for this kind of flow has been constructed using the finite volume method. The porous media porosity was treated as non-uniform distribution in the radial direction. Experimentally, the axial velocity profiles produce the trend of having global maximum and minimum peaks at distance very close to the wall. This trend is also accurately picked up by the numerical result. A more comprehensive shear factor formulation results a better velocity prediction than other correlations do. Our derivation on the presence of porous media leads to an additional viscosity term. The effect of this additional viscosity term was investigated numerically. It is found that the additional viscosity term improves the velocity prediction for the case of higher ratio between tube and particle diameters

Exceptional Aromatic Distribution in the Conversion of Palm-Oil to Biohydrocarbon Using Zeolite-Based Catalyst I Gusti B. N. Makertihartha; Grandprix Thomryes Mart Kadja; Melia L. Gunawan; Rino R. Mukti; Subagjo Subagjo
Journal of Engineering and Technological Sciences Vol. 52 No. 4 (2020)
Publisher : Institute for Research and Community Services, Institut Teknologi Bandung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2020.52.4.9

A series of four catalysts, i.e. ZSM-5 (Si/Al = 25) (Z1), a combination of ZSM-5 (Si/Al = 25) and zeolite Y (Si/Al = 25) (Z2), zeolite Y (Si/Al = 25) (Z3), and ZSM-5 (Si/Al = 80) (Z4), was successfully prepared for catalytic cracking of palm oil. All three catalysts utilized silica as a binder without other additional components. Catalytic cracking tests showed that the aromatic distribution was very high, according to the following order: Z4 (98%) > Z1 (90%) > Z2 (84%) > Z3 (60%). It was shown that ZSM-5 promotes the formation of aromatics better than zeolite Y does. From 98% of aromatics products in Z1, 71% were benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX). It appears that the formation of aromatics needs milder acidity since a higher number of acids extends the cracking reaction, resulting in the formation of more gaseous and heavy aromatics products. The results of this study show potential for the sustainable production of bio-hydrocarbons with exceptional aromatic distributions, which may fulfill the demands of the petroleum, petrochemical, and fine chemical sectors.

Evaluation on Energy Efficiency Improvement in Geothermal Power Plant with The Application of Load-based Gas Removal System and Cooling Water Pump Control System Wibisono Yamin; I.G.B Ngurah Makertihartha; Jenny Rizkiana
Jurnal Rekayasa Proses Vol 14, No 1 (2020)
Publisher : Departemen Teknik Kimia Fakultas Teknik Universitas Gadjah Mada

Efficient Geothermal Power Plant (GPP) operation can be achieved through the optimum use of steam for turbine and auxiliary (ejectors), and minimum possible condenser pressure for maximum energy conversion in the turbine. In all GPPs, a condenser vacuum is maintained by adequate circulation of cooling water and effective operation of ejectors, which absorb the accumulation of Non-Condensable Gas (NCG), mostly CO2 and H2S, and dispose it to the atmosphere. Typically, GPPs are designed for baseload (100% capacity) operation. Therefore, the performance of supporting equipment such as ejectors and cooling water pumps are not sensitive to load-set fluctuations or changes in NCG content. This fact consequently results in constant parasitic load and ejector's motive steam consumptions. Since 2017 many GPPs in Indonesia have no longer operated at constant full capacity following demand fluctuation, as stated in grid dispatcher's Daily Operating Plan. This condition brings up energy efficiency opportunity to reduce steam and electricity own use through modification or installation of the load-following controller in the ejector system and cooling water pumps. The study aimed to identify the best alternative in devising this adaptive feature in gas removal and circulating water systems from economic and technical aspects. Evaluation's methodology included the development of GPP process modeling and data validation, setting up an alternative framework, testing of GPP performance for each alternative with the calibrated model, and decision analysis from economic and technical aspects to select the best option. The evaluation showed that the ejector's motive steam flow controller was able to reduce auxiliary steam usage at maximum by 7% (equal to 0.7 MWe). In comparison, the circulation water flow controller with Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) could reduce pumps electricity use by 35% (0.76 MWe). The study results recommended the implementation of a motive steam flow controller over the pump's VFD, considering its economic performance, operation flexibility, and lower execution risk. A B S T R A KOperasi Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Panas Bumi (PLTP) yang efisien dapat dicapai melalui penggunaan uap yang optimal pada turbin dan sistem pendukung (ejektor), serta pengaturan tekanan kondensor yang rendah untuk mencapai konversi energi maksimum di turbin. Pada hampir semua PLTP, kevakuman kondensor dijaga melalui sirkulasi air pendingin yang memadai, dan efektivitas operasi ejektor dalam menghisap akumulasi Non-Condensable Gas (NCG), yaitu CO2, dan H2S, serta dispersinya ke atmosfer. Pada umumnya PLTP didesain untuk beroperasi pada basis bebannya (100% kapasitas) sehingga kinerja peralatan penunjang seperti ejektor dan pompa tidak sensitif terhadap fluktuasi beban pembangkitan maupun perubahan kandungan NCG dari sumur. Hal ini mengakibatkan pemakaian listrik sendiri dan konsumsi uap ejektor pada PLTP cenderung tetap. Sejak 2017 banyak PLTP di Indonesia tidak lagi beroperasi dengan kapasitas penuh karena mengikuti fluktuasi permintaan grid seperti yang dinyatakan dalam Rencana Operasi Harian dari pengatur beban. Kondisi ini memberi peluang upaya efisiensi energi untuk mengurangi konsumsi listrik dan uap melalui modifikasi dan instalasi pengontrol load-following pada sistem kerja ejektor dan pompa sirkulasi air pendingin. Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi alternatif terbaik dalam merancang fitur adaptif ini, baik dari aspek ekonomi maupun teknis. Metodologi evaluasi mencakup pengembangan pemodelan proses PLTP dan validasi datanya, menyiapkan kerangka evaluasi alternatif, pengujian kinerja PLTP untuk setiap alternatif dengan model yang terkalibrasi, dan analisis pemilihan opsi terbaik secara ekonomi dan teknis. Hasil evaluasi menunjukkan bahwa pengontrol aliran uap motif pada ejektor mampu mengurangi penggunaan uap maksimum sebesar 7% (setara 0,7 MWe), sedangkan pengontrol aliran air sirkulasi dengan Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) dapat mengurangi penggunaan pompa listrik sebesar 35% (0,76 MWe). Hasil studi merekomendasikan penerapan sistem pengontrol aliran uap motif pada ejektor dibandingkan aplikasi VFD pada pompa dengan mempertimbangkan kinerja ekonomi, fleksibilitas operasi, dan risiko eksekusinya yang lebih rendah.

Utilization of Modified Zeolite as Catalyst for Steam Gasification of Palm Kernel Shell Joko Waluyo; Petric Marc Ruya; Dwi Hantoko; Jenny Rizkiana; I.G.B.N. Makertihartha; Mi Yan; Herri Susanto
Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 2021: BCREC Volume 16 Issue 3 Year 2021 (September 2021)
Publisher : Department of Chemical Engineering - Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.16.3.10837.623-631

Syngas from biomass gasification is being developed for alternative feedstock in the chemical industry. Palm kernel shell which is generated from palm oil industry can be potentially used as raw material for gasification process. The purpose of this study was to investigate the use of modified natural zeolite catalysts in steam gasification of palm kernel shells. Mordenite type zeolite was modified by acid leaching to be used as a tar cracking catalyst. Steam gasification was conducted at the temperature range of 750–850 °C and the steam to biomass ratio was in the range of 0–2.25. The result showed that steam gasification of palm kernel shell with the addition of zeolite catalyst at 750 °C and steam to biomass ratio 2.25 could reduce tar content up to 98% or became 0.7 g/Nm3. In this study, gasification of palm kernel shells produced syngas with the hydrogen concentration in the range of 52–64% and H2/CO ratio of 2.7–5.7. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

Modelling Based Analysis and Optimization of Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation for the Production of Lignocellulosic-Based Xylitol Ibnu Maulana Hidayatullah; I G B N Makertihartha; Tjandra Setiadi; Made Tri Ari Penia Kresnowati
Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 2021: BCREC Volume 16 Issue 4 Year 2021 (December 2021)
Publisher : Department of Chemical Engineering - Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.16.4.11807.857-868

Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) configuration offers efficient use of the reactor. In this configuration, both hydrolysis and fermentation processes are conducted simultaneously in a single bioreactor, and the overall processes may be accelerated. However, problems may arise if both processes have different optimum conditions, and therefore process optimization is required. This paper presents a mathematical model over SSF strategy implementation for producing xylitol from the hemicellulose component of lignocellulosic materials. The model comprises the hydrolysis of hemicellulose and the fermentation of hydrolysate into xylitol. The model was simulated for various process temperatures, prior hydrolysis time, and inoculum concentration. Simulation of the developed kinetics model shows that the optimum SSF temperature is 36 °C, whereas conducting prior hydrolysis at its optimum hydrolysis temperature will further shorten the processing time and increase the xylitol productivity. On the other hand, increasing the inoculum size will shorten the processing time further. For an initial xylan concentration of 100 g/L, the best condition is obtained by performing 21-hour prior hydrolysis at 60 °C, followed by SSF at 36 °C by adding 2.0 g/L inoculum, giving 46.27 g/L xylitol within 77 hours of total processing time. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

Evaluation on Energy Efficiency Improvement in Geothermal Power Plant with The Application of Load-based Gas Removal System and Cooling Water Pump Control System Wibisono Yamin; I.G.B Ngurah Makertihartha; Jenny Rizkiana
Jurnal Rekayasa Proses Vol 14, No 1 (2020)
Publisher : Departemen Teknik Kimia Fakultas Teknik Universitas Gadjah Mada

Efficient Geothermal Power Plant (GPP) operation can be achieved through the optimum use of steam for turbine and auxiliary (ejectors), and minimum possible condenser pressure for maximum energy conversion in the turbine. In all GPPs, a condenser vacuum is maintained by adequate circulation of cooling water and effective operation of ejectors, which absorb the accumulation of Non-Condensable Gas (NCG), mostly CO2 and H2S, and dispose it to the atmosphere. Typically, GPPs are designed for baseload (100% capacity) operation. Therefore, the performance of supporting equipment such as ejectors and cooling water pumps are not sensitive to load-set fluctuations or changes in NCG content. This fact consequently results in constant parasitic load and ejector's motive steam consumptions. Since 2017 many GPPs in Indonesia have no longer operated at constant full capacity following demand fluctuation, as stated in grid dispatcher's Daily Operating Plan. This condition brings up energy efficiency opportunity to reduce steam and electricity own use through modification or installation of the load-following controller in the ejector system and cooling water pumps. The study aimed to identify the best alternative in devising this adaptive feature in gas removal and circulating water systems from economic and technical aspects. Evaluation's methodology included the development of GPP process modeling and data validation, setting up an alternative framework, testing of GPP performance for each alternative with the calibrated model, and decision analysis from economic and technical aspects to select the best option. The evaluation showed that the ejector's motive steam flow controller was able to reduce auxiliary steam usage at maximum by 7% (equal to 0.7 MWe). In comparison, the circulation water flow controller with Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) could reduce pumps electricity use by 35% (0.76 MWe). The study results recommended the implementation of a motive steam flow controller over the pump's VFD, considering its economic performance, operation flexibility, and lower execution risk. A B S T R A KOperasi Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Panas Bumi (PLTP) yang efisien dapat dicapai melalui penggunaan uap yang optimal pada turbin dan sistem pendukung (ejektor), serta pengaturan tekanan kondensor yang rendah untuk mencapai konversi energi maksimum di turbin. Pada hampir semua PLTP, kevakuman kondensor dijaga melalui sirkulasi air pendingin yang memadai, dan efektivitas operasi ejektor dalam menghisap akumulasi Non-Condensable Gas (NCG), yaitu CO2, dan H2S, serta dispersinya ke atmosfer. Pada umumnya PLTP didesain untuk beroperasi pada basis bebannya (100% kapasitas) sehingga kinerja peralatan penunjang seperti ejektor dan pompa tidak sensitif terhadap fluktuasi beban pembangkitan maupun perubahan kandungan NCG dari sumur. Hal ini mengakibatkan pemakaian listrik sendiri dan konsumsi uap ejektor pada PLTP cenderung tetap. Sejak 2017 banyak PLTP di Indonesia tidak lagi beroperasi dengan kapasitas penuh karena mengikuti fluktuasi permintaan grid seperti yang dinyatakan dalam Rencana Operasi Harian dari pengatur beban. Kondisi ini memberi peluang upaya efisiensi energi untuk mengurangi konsumsi listrik dan uap melalui modifikasi dan instalasi pengontrol load-following pada sistem kerja ejektor dan pompa sirkulasi air pendingin. Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi alternatif terbaik dalam merancang fitur adaptif ini, baik dari aspek ekonomi maupun teknis. Metodologi evaluasi mencakup pengembangan pemodelan proses PLTP dan validasi datanya, menyiapkan kerangka evaluasi alternatif, pengujian kinerja PLTP untuk setiap alternatif dengan model yang terkalibrasi, dan analisis pemilihan opsi terbaik secara ekonomi dan teknis. Hasil evaluasi menunjukkan bahwa pengontrol aliran uap motif pada ejektor mampu mengurangi penggunaan uap maksimum sebesar 7% (setara 0,7 MWe), sedangkan pengontrol aliran air sirkulasi dengan Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) dapat mengurangi penggunaan pompa listrik sebesar 35% (0,76 MWe). Hasil studi merekomendasikan penerapan sistem pengontrol aliran uap motif pada ejektor dibandingkan aplikasi VFD pada pompa dengan mempertimbangkan kinerja ekonomi, fleksibilitas operasi, dan risiko eksekusinya yang lebih rendah.

Effects Of Cu On The Modified Co-Based Catalyst Activity For Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Zaky Al Fatony; Ahlul Hafizan Resha; Galang Putra Persada; IGBN Makertihartha; Melia Laniwati Gunawan; Subagjo Subagjo
ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol 18, No 1 (2018)
Publisher : Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada

Future fuel scarcity issue has become major concern for many energy security policies. As a very potential process to produce fuel, Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) with cobalt-based catalyst has been developed to produce wax as feedstock for further catalytic cracking. Therefore, this research was conducted to observe Co/Al2O3 catalyst properties enhancement through support pre-treatment using NH4NO3 and Cu promoter addition toward higher activity and selectivity. Catalysts were prepared by dry impregnation method. XRD, BET and TPR analyses were performed to characterize catalysts properties. Activity tests showed CO conversion, H2 conversion and selectivity of C5+ were in the range of 25.1% to 96.2%, 24.2% to 83.7% and 53.5% to 75.9% respectively. Crystallography measurements exhibited 8.6-9.8 nm cobalt particles size. In this study, FTS was evaluated by using fixed-bed reactor at 20 bar, 250 C, and WHSV of 1500 ml/g.cat/h-1. Support pre-treatment increased the pore size of γ-Al2O3 and slightly enlarged cobalt diameter. While addition of Cu improved the reducibility of the catalyst.

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