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All Journal Diponegoro Law Review Pembaharuan Hukum Mimbar Hukum - Fakultas Hukum Universitas Gadjah Mada Administrative Law & Governance Journal Potret Pemikiran JURNAL PEMBANGUNAN HUKUM INDONESIA Mimbar Hukum Kanun: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum JILS (Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies)
Muh. Afif Mahfud
Faculty Of Law, Universitas Diponegoro
Religion Humanities Energy Environmental Science Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Public Health Social Sciences

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Legal Position and Protection of Copyright in the Digitalization of Ancient Manuscripts Ninik Zakiyah; Budi Santoso; Muh. Afif Mahfud
Jurnal Pembaharuan Hukum Vol 13, No 2 (2026): Jurnal Pembaharuan Hukum
Publisher : UNISSULA

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26532/jph.v13i2.55406

Abstract

Ancient manuscripts constitute valuable cultural heritage that preserves historical, scientific, religious, and cultural knowledge; however, their fragile physical condition necessitates digitalization as a preservation and dissemination strategy. This study aims to examine the legal position of digitized ancient manuscripts and analyze the protection of copyright and related rights under Indonesian law. The research employs normative juridical methods using statutory and conceptual approaches. Legal materials consist of primary, secondary, and tertiary sources, analyzed through qualitative juridical interpretation and legal construction. The findings indicate that most ancient manuscripts have entered the public domain because their copyright protection period has expired. Nevertheless, manuscripts classified as Traditional Cultural Expressions remain subject to state and communal protection. Digitalization therefore does not automatically create new copyright over mere reproductions, while moral rights, attribution, cultural integrity, and communal interests must remain protected. The study concludes that copyright protection for digitized ancient manuscripts requires a balance between preservation, legal protection, commercialization, and public access. Clear licensing policies, open-access mechanisms, and recognition of communal cultural rights are necessary to ensure sustainable preservation and lawful utilization.
Normative Fragmentation in Indonesian Notary Law: Regulatory Harmonization of Cyber Notary and Electronic Signatures toward Structural Justice Salsa Rima Savita; Muh. Afif Mahfud; Pham Thanh NGA
Potret Pemikiran Vol 29, No 2 (2025)
Publisher : Institut Agama Islam Negeri (IAIN) Manado

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30984/pp.v29i2.4091

Abstract

Indonesia's notary law framework remains normatively fragmented, as the Notary Law (UUJN) requires physical presence while the Electronic Information and Transactions Law (ITE Law) recognizes electronic signatures as legally binding instruments. This contradiction prevents notaries from issuing authentic electronic deeds, creates legal uncertainty, and structurally excludes vulnerable populations including remote communities, migrant workers, and micro-enterprise operators from accessing civil legal services. This study examines the normative legitimacy of electronic signatures within the Indonesian notary system, identifies the structural consequences of regulatory fragmentation on vulnerable populations, and proposes a justice-oriented harmonization framework for inclusive digital notarial services. Employing normative juridical methodology with statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches, this study analyzes Indonesian legislation alongside regulatory experiences from the Netherlands, Brazil, Rwanda, Singapore, and Turkiye. The findings reveal three critical issues: normative contradiction between the UUJN and the ITE Law regarding remote appearance and authentication standards; the absence of explicit statutory recognition of cyber notary mechanisms; and disproportionate structural barriers to civil legal access for vulnerable populations produced by regulatory ambiguity. Harmonization requires legislative amendment, institutional infrastructure development, and justice-oriented governance design that ensures digital notarization expands rather than reproduces existing structural inequalities in access to legal services.
Co-Authors Abdul Djalil Ani Purwanti Budi Santoso Budi Santoso Dyah Wijaningsih Edmon Makarim Elena Mitskaya Erlyn Indarti Esmi Warasih Pudjirahayu Fajar Ahmad Setiawan Ninik Zakiyah Pham Thanh NGA Salsa Rima Savita Sukirno Sukirno Sukirno Sukirno Suteki Suteki Try Hardyanthi Vassiliy Sherstyuk Zakiyah, Ninik