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Effect of Dilute Acid and Alkaline Pretreatments on Enzymatic Saccharfication of Palm Tree Trunk Waste for Bioethanol Production Kusmiyati Kusmiyati; Sakina Tunissa Anarki; Sabda Wahyu Nugroho; Reistu Widiastutik; Hadiyanto Hadiyanto
Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 2019: BCREC Volume 14 Issue 3 Year 2019 (December 2019)
Publisher : Department of Chemical Engineering - Diponegoro University

The sugar palm tree (Arenga pinnata) was abundant in Indonesia and has high cellulose contents for bioethanol production. However, the lignin content was the major drawback which could inhibit saccharification enzymes and therefore removing the lignin from the biomass is important. This paper evaluated the effects of pretreatments using nitric acid (HNO3) and ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) at 2 to 10% (v/v) on reducing sugar and ethanol contents and compared with the effects of steam pre-treatment. The pretreated samples were hydrolyzed using cellulase enzymes at pH 5.0 with a substrate concentration of 10% (w/v) for 24 to 72 h at 50 °C. Subsequent assessments of enzymatic saccharification following pre-treatment with 10% (v/v) HNO3 showed maximum reducing and total sugar contents in palm tree trunk waste of 5.320% and 5.834%, respectively, after 72 h of saccharification. Following pretreatment with 10% (v/v) of NH4OH, the maximum reducing and total sugar contents of palm tree trunk waste were 2.892% and 3.556%, respectively, after 72 h of saccharification. In comparison, steam pretreatments gave maximum reducing sugar and total sugar contents of 1.140% and 1.315% under the same conditions. Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) was conducted at 37 °C (pH 4.8) and 100 rpm for 120 h using 10% (v/v) Saccharomyces cerevisiae and cellulase enzyme with a substrate concentration of 10% (w/v). The result showed the highest ethanol content of 2.648% was achieved by using 10% (v/v) HNO3. The use of 10% (v/v) NH4OH gained a yield of 0.869% ethanol while the steam pretreatment could obtained 0.102% ethanol.

Catalytic Transesterification of Used Cooking Oil to Biodiesel: Effect of Oil-Methanol Molar Ratio and Reaction Time Diah Ayu; Rizca Aulyana; Esti Widya Astuti; Kusmiyati Kusmiyati; Nur Hidayati
Automotive Experiences Vol 2 No 3 (2019)
Publisher : Automotive Laboratory of Universitas Muhammadiyah Magelang in collaboration with Association of Indonesian Vocational Educators (AIVE)

Used cooking oil has the potential as biodiesel so that it can reduce environmental pollution. Transesterification of triglycerides in used cooking oil with an alcohol to form methyl esters of fatty acids or biodiesel and glycerol. The type of catalyst is one of the determinants of the transesterification reaction and coal fly ash has the potential to be used as a catalyst in the production of biodiesel. Therefore, this study aims to examine the effect of the oil-methanol ratio and the time of the transesterification of used cooking oil to the yield of biodiesel produced using an alkali-activated fly ash catalyst. Transesterification is carried out at 60 °C, the stirring speed is 700 rpm, and the amount of catalyst load is 4%. The result, the highest yield of biodiesel reached almost 89%. This biodiesel consists of 48.86% methyl oleate and 33.86% methyl palmitate and has a density that meets the Indonesian National Standard, which is 0.85 - 0.90 g/cm3. Finally, the BET test on the fly ash catalyst shows a catalyst surface area of around 104.106 m2/g.

Edukasi dan Pelatihan Pembuatan Papan Kayu Laminasi dari Limbah Kayu Jati di Kelompok Industri Meubel Rumahan Desa Mangunsari Herwin Suprijono; Dewa Kusuma Wijaya; Kusmiyati .
ABDIMASKU : JURNAL PENGABDIAN MASYARAKAT Vol 3, No 2 (2020): Mei 2020
Publisher : LPPM UNIVERSITAS DIAN NUSWANTORO

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33633/ja.v3i2.91

AbstrakTerdapat beberapa jenis limbah kayu dari hasil proses produksi diantaranya adalah limbah serbuk kayu limbah serutan kayu, limbah serpihan kayu, dan limbah potongan kayu. Berbagai upaya dilakukan untuk memberi nilai tambah pada setiap jenis limbah kayu tersebut diantaranya adalah pembuatan kayu laminasi, kayu partikel, MDF, HDF, briket kayu, ornamen kayu, dan lain-lain. Program pengabdian ini memanfaatkan limbah potongan kayu jati menjadi produk papan kayu laminasi dan bekerja sama dengan kelompok industri meubel rumahan Desa Mangunsari di Kabupaten Semarang. Kelompok industri tersebut memiliki limbah-limbah kayu berbagai jenis dengan kuantitas yang tergolong melimpah namun belum ada perlakuan (treatment) sama sekali terkait limbah tersebut selain hanya dimanfaatkan untuk memasak dan dibuang ke lingkungan. Edukasi dan pelatihan dilakukan melalui program ini untuk membantu mitra dalam membuat limbah kayu jati menjadi papan kayu laminasi dengan memanfaatkan alat kerja seperti table saw, hand planner, hand sander, lem kayu, dan bar clamp. Poin penting pembuatan papan kayu laminasi adalah pemanfaatan table saw 8” agar bisa memotong secara presisi mengingat limbah tersebut berupa potongan kayu berdimensi kecil. Poin penting lain adalah pada proses penyatuan setiap potongan kayu dengan proses perekatan (adhesion) menggunakan lem kayu berjenis polyurethane dan pada saat bersamaan dilakukan proses penjepitan (clamping) sambungan kayu tersebut menggunakan alat bantu bar clamp agar proses pengeleman menjadi sempurna.Kata kunci: kayu laminasi, limbah kayu jati, table saw, perekatan, clampingAbstractThere are several types of wood waste from the production process such as wood dust, wood shavings, wood chips, and wood scrap waste. Various attempts were made to add value for each type of wood waste including the manufacture of laminated wood, particle wood, MDF, HDF, wood briquettes, wood ornaments, and others. This program utilizes teak wood waste into laminated wooden board products and cooperate with home-based furniture industry group in Mangunsari Village on Semarang Regency. The industrial group has various types of wood waste with a relatively abundant quantity but there is no treatment at all related to the waste other than just being used for cooking and discharged into the environment. Education and training are carried out through this program to help partners in making teak wood waste into laminated wooden boards by utilizing work tools such as table saw, hand planner, hand sander, wood glue, and bar clamp. An important point in the manufacture of laminated wooden boards is the use of a table saw 8 "in order to cut precisely because the waste is in small pieces dimension of wood. Another important point is the process of assy each piece of wood with the adhesion process using polyurethane type of wood glue and at the same time the process of clamping the wood connection using a bar clamp tool so that the gluing process becomes perfectly.Keywords: laminated wood, teak wood waste, table saw, adhesion, clamping

PENGEMBANGAN SOLAR DRYER DOME UNTUK PENINGKATAN KUALITAS PRODUKSI KOPI Kusmiyati Kusmiyati; Abu Salam; Juli Ratnawati
Aptekmas Jurnal Pengabdian pada Masyarakat Vol 4 No 4 (2021): APTEKMAS Volume 4 Nomor 4 2021
Publisher : Politeknik Negeri Sriwijaya

Community service activities with SME Omah Kopi Ngemplak Banyuanyar Village were carried out to increase the capacity and quality of production of ground coffee, green coffee beans, and roasted coffee beans. From the observations of the Service Team to partners, there were two problems. The first problem: Omah Kopi Ngemplak produces coffee using the traditional drying method which relies on sunlight. Drying is one of the most important coffee processing processes because it affects the quality of the coffee beans produced. This drying process takes a long time and has the potential to rot in the rainy season so that farmers' performance is hampered and the quality of coffee beans decreases. The second problem is the limited marketing of coffee where farmers only sell coffee to middlemen and stalls, in addition to coffee packaging which is still very simple. Therefore, to overcome these problems in this service program, two activities were carried out, namely the first manufacture, training, and application of the solar dryer dome dryer. The existence of a solar dryer dome is expected to increase the quantity and quality of coffee production. The second is the creation, training, and marketing assistance with web marketplace-based applications and attractive coffee packaging. The application of an attractive marketplace and packaging is expected to help increase the marketing of coffee products.

Pengaruh Waktu Fermentasi terhadap Komponen Flavor Kopi Bioluwak Robusta menggunakan Bakteri dari Usus Luwak Kusmiyati Kusmiyati; Agnes Heratri
CARADDE: Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat Vol. 3 No. 1 (2020): Agustus
Publisher : Ilin Institute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31960/caradde.v3i1.463

Kopi luwak adalah produk kopi yang dihasilkan dari fermentasi didalam pencernaan hewan luwak (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus). Kopi luwak memiliki komponen flavor dan aroma yang berbeda dari kopi biasa. Saat ini proses fermentasi kopi luwak masih bergantung pada fermentasi alami oleh luwak sehingga menimbulkan masalah berkaitan dengan penyal ahgunaan hewan dan keterbatasan produksi. Sehingga, tujuan dari pengabdian ini adalah memproduksi kopi bioluwak secara in vitro dengan Bakteri Asam Laktat (BAL) dari usus luwak dan mengidentifikasi komponen flavornya untuk mengatasi ketersediaan kopi dari hewan luwak. Proses fermentasi dilakukan dengan variasi waktu 8-48 jam dan identifikasi komponen kimia menggunakan GC-MS. Hasil identifikasi kimia kopi bioluwak pada fermentasi 48 jam memiliki jumlah asam palmitat tertinggi 16.43% dan kafein tertinggi 60.91%. Kemudian pada fermentasi 8 jam memiliki asam linoleat tertinggi 68.67%. Sehingga, metode fermentasi dari percobaan ini dapat digunakan untuk memproduksi kopi bioluwak robusta.

Preliminary Observation of Biogas Production from a Mixture of Cattle Manure and Bagasse Residue in Different Composition Variations H Hadiyanto; Figa Muhammad Octafalahanda; Jihan Nabila; Andono Kusuma Jati; Marcelinus Christwardana; Kusmiyati Kusmiyati; Adian Khoironi
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 12, No 2 (2023): March 2023
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/ijred.2023.52446

The need of renewable energy is paramount important as it is expected to replace fossil energy. One of renewable energy commonly used for rural area is biomass-based energy. Biogas is a biomass-based energy where organic materials are converted to methane gas via anaerobic digestion process. The limitations of mono-feedstock biogas are instability digestion process, low yield biogas produced and require readjusting C/N ratio, therefore co-digestion process was proposed to overcome these problems. This study aims to investigate the feasibility of anaerobic co-digestion of a mixture of cattle manure and bagasse residue in different weight ratio combinations. Biogas was generated by anaerobic digestion using a mixed substrate composed of a combination of weight ratios of bagasse:cattle manure (1:5, 1:2, 1:1, and 3:1). The kinetic analysis was evaluated by fitting Gompertz and Logistic model to experimental data of cumulative biogas. The result showed that the combination of 1:5 ratio of bagasse waste to cattle manure obtained the best biogas yield with cumulative biogas at 31,000 mL. The kinetic model of Gompertz and Logistic were able to predict the maximum cumulative biogas at ratio of 1:5 (cattle: bagasse) at 31,157.66 mL and 30,112.12 mL, respectively. The other predictions of kinetic parameters were maximum biogas production rate (Rm)= 1,720.45 mL/day and 1,652.31 mL/day for Gompertz and Logistic model, respectively. Lag periods were obtained at 2.403 day and 2.612 day for Gompertz and Logistic model, respectively. The potential power generation of 338.71 Watt has been estimated from biogas. This research has proven a positive feasibility of co-digestion of two feed-stocks (cattle manure and bagasse) for biogas production.

Preparation of MgO-CaO/SiO2 catalyst from dolomite and geothermal solid waste for biodiesel production Widayat Widayat; Nadia Taradissa Maheswari; Wahyu Fitriani; Luqman Buchori; Hantoro Satriadi; K Kusmiyati; Norzita Ngadi
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 12, No 3 (2023): May 2023
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/ijred.2023.51573

Energy demand will increase along with the increase in population. The current energy demand is dominated by non-renewable energy as it could reduce dependence on fossil energy sources; hence, it is imperative to be developed. Biodiesel with waste cooking oil as its raw material is one of the renewable energies currently being developed. Catalyst can be utilized to improve the quality of biodiesel product and process. The major content in solid waste of geothermal power plant is silica oxide, while dolomite contains magnesium oxide and calcium oxide. This study aims to test the MgO-CaO/SiO2 catalyst performance from geothermal waste and dolomite in biodiesel production. The results of catalyst characterization based on FTIR, SEM, and BET tests indicates a successful impregnation method in MgO-CaO/SiO2 catalyst production. The result shows that the best variable to produce biodiesel is at the ratio of MgO-CaO: SiO2 is 15:85. The conversion of biodiesel using this variable is 92.63%. The overall results of biodiesel obtained in this study have a good quality and is in accordance with SNI 7182-2015.

Preliminary Observation of Biogas Production from a Mixture of Cattle Manure and Bagasse Residue in Different Composition Variations H Hadiyanto; Figa Muhammad Octafalahanda; Jihan Nabila; Andono Kusuma Jati; Marcelinus Christwardana; Kusmiyati Kusmiyati; Adian Khoironi
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 12, No 2 (2023): March 2023
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/ijred.2023.52446

The need of renewable energy is paramount important as it is expected to replace fossil energy. One of renewable energy commonly used for rural area is biomass-based energy. Biogas is a biomass-based energy where organic materials are converted to methane gas via anaerobic digestion process. The limitations of mono-feedstock biogas are instability digestion process, low yield biogas produced and require readjusting C/N ratio, therefore co-digestion process was proposed to overcome these problems. This study aims to investigate the feasibility of anaerobic co-digestion of a mixture of cattle manure and bagasse residue in different weight ratio combinations. Biogas was generated by anaerobic digestion using a mixed substrate composed of a combination of weight ratios of bagasse:cattle manure (1:5, 1:2, 1:1, and 3:1). The kinetic analysis was evaluated by fitting Gompertz and Logistic model to experimental data of cumulative biogas. The result showed that the combination of 1:5 ratio of bagasse waste to cattle manure obtained the best biogas yield with cumulative biogas at 31,000 mL. The kinetic model of Gompertz and Logistic were able to predict the maximum cumulative biogas at ratio of 1:5 (cattle: bagasse) at 31,157.66 mL and 30,112.12 mL, respectively. The other predictions of kinetic parameters were maximum biogas production rate (Rm)= 1,720.45 mL/day and 1,652.31 mL/day for Gompertz and Logistic model, respectively. Lag periods were obtained at 2.403 day and 2.612 day for Gompertz and Logistic model, respectively. The potential power generation of 338.71 Watt has been estimated from biogas. This research has proven a positive feasibility of co-digestion of two feed-stocks (cattle manure and bagasse) for biogas production.

Multi-Feedstocks Biodiesel Production from Esterification of Calophyllum inophyllum Oil, Castor Oil, Palm Oil and Waste Cooking Oil H Hadiyanto; Apsari Puspita Aini; Widayat Widayat; Kusmiyati Kusmiyati; Arief Budiman; Achmad Roesyadi
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 9, No 1 (2020): February 2020
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/ijred.9.1.119-123

Biodiesel can be produced from various vegetable oils and animal fat. Abundant sources of vegetable oil in Indonesia, such as Calophyllum inophyllum, Ricinus communis, palm oil, and waste cooking oil, were used as raw materials. Multi-feedstock biodiesel was used to increase the flexibility operation of biodiesel production. This study was conducted to determine the effect of a combination of vegetable oils on biodiesel characteristics. Degumming and two steps of esterification were applied for high free fatty acid feedstock before trans-esterification in combination with other vegetable oils. Potassium hydroxide was used as a homogenous catalyst and methanol as another raw material. The acid value of C. inophyllum decreased from 54 mg KOH/gr oil to 2.15 mg KOH/gr oil after two steps of esterification. Biodiesel yield from multi-feedstock was 87.926% with a methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 6:1, temperature of 60 ℃, and catalyst of 1%wt. ©2020. CBIORE-IJRED. All rights reserved

Effect of Dilute Acid and Alkaline Pretreatments on Enzymatic Saccharfication of Palm Tree Trunk Waste for Bioethanol Production Kusmiyati Kusmiyati; Sakina Tunissa Anarki; Sabda Wahyu Nugroho; Reistu Widiastutik; Hadiyanto Hadiyanto
Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 2019: BCREC Volume 14 Issue 3 Year 2019 (December 2019)
Publisher : Masyarakat Katalis Indonesia - Indonesian Catalyst Society (MKICS)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.14.3.4256.705-714

The sugar palm tree (Arenga pinnata) was abundant in Indonesia and has high cellulose contents for bioethanol production. However, the lignin content was the major drawback which could inhibit saccharification enzymes and therefore removing the lignin from the biomass is important. This paper evaluated the effects of pretreatments using nitric acid (HNO3) and ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) at 2 to 10% (v/v) on reducing sugar and ethanol contents and compared with the effects of steam pre-treatment. The pretreated samples were hydrolyzed using cellulase enzymes at pH 5.0 with a substrate concentration of 10% (w/v) for 24 to 72 h at 50 °C. Subsequent assessments of enzymatic saccharification following pre-treatment with 10% (v/v) HNO3 showed maximum reducing and total sugar contents in palm tree trunk waste of 5.320% and 5.834%, respectively, after 72 h of saccharification. Following pretreatment with 10% (v/v) of NH4OH, the maximum reducing and total sugar contents of palm tree trunk waste were 2.892% and 3.556%, respectively, after 72 h of saccharification. In comparison, steam pretreatments gave maximum reducing sugar and total sugar contents of 1.140% and 1.315% under the same conditions. Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) was conducted at 37 °C (pH 4.8) and 100 rpm for 120 h using 10% (v/v) Saccharomyces cerevisiae and cellulase enzyme with a substrate concentration of 10% (w/v). The result showed the highest ethanol content of 2.648% was achieved by using 10% (v/v) HNO3. The use of 10% (v/v) NH4OH gained a yield of 0.869% ethanol while the steam pretreatment could obtained 0.102% ethanol.

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