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All Journal Majalah Ilmiah Pengkajian Industri Metalurgi Makara Journal of Technology
Parikin Parikin
Center of Science and Technology for Advanced Materials, National Atomic Energy Agency/BATAN, Puspiptek Serpong, Banten 15314, Indonesia
Aerospace Engineering Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture Electrical & Electronics Engineering Energy Engineering Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering Materials Science & Nanotechnology Mechanical Engineering Transportation

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Journal : Makara Journal of Technology

 1 
Effect of Arc Plasma Sintering on the Structural and Microstructural Properties of Fe-Cr-Ni Austenitic Stainless Steels Parikin, Parikin; Dani, M.; Dimyati, A.; Purnamasari, N. D.; Sugeng, B.; Panitra, M.; Insani, A.; Priyanto, T. H.; Mustofa, S.; Syahbuddin, Syahbuddin; Huang, A.
Makara Journal of Technology Vol. 25, No. 2
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X-ray diffraction techniques were performed to determine the actual crystal structure of A2 austenitic stainless steel (ASS) as-cast and A2 ASS after arc plasma sintering (APS) for 2 s. Computations were conducted on the basis of the Bragg arithmetic formula by comparing the S2 arithmetic with the interplanar spacing. The Bragg arithmetic formula is a simple series for the determination of the crystalline phase of materials based on the Miller indices of cubic shapes or other shapes. A2 ASS as-cast was identified to have a crystal structure of face-centered cubic with lattice parameter a = 3.58 Å. A similar crystal structure can still be detected in A2 ASS after APS for 2 s with lattice parameter a = 3.60 Å. This finding was confirmed by neutron diffraction measurements and optical–electron microscopy observations. Under the same conditions, both A2 ASS as-cast and A2 ASS after APS for 2 s have similar cast structures. The grain boundary formed in A2 ASS as-cast is thinner than that in A2 ASS after APS for 2 s, which is visible in its boundaries. Moreover, the grain structure of A2 ASS after APS for 2 s, which was originally elongated particles, became globular particles. Similarly, granular precipitates became concentrated and encompassed the steel matrix along the grain boundaries. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis showed that particles and islands in steel are distributed in the grains and at the grain boundaries, respectively. Precipitates are composed of C, Cr, Fe, and Ni. The elemental contents of Cr and C are dominant; thus, Cr23C6 precipitate is formed at the grain boundaries.
Transmission Electron Microscopy Characterization of High-Temperatur Oxidation of Fe-20Cr-5Al Alloy Prepared by Focused Ion Beam Technique Dani, Mohammad; Untoro, Pudji; Putra, Teguh Yulius Surya Panca; Parikin, Parikin; Mayer, Joachim; Dimyati, Arbi
Makara Journal of Technology Vol. 19, No. 2
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The Focused Ion Beam (FIB) technique was applied for cross section preparation of the oxidized alloy for Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) study. Prior to preparation, the specimens of Fe-20Cr-5Al alloy sheet were oxidized in air at 1200 oC for 2 minutes, 10 minutes, 2 hours, and 100 hours. The microstructure and elemental composition of the samples were characterized using TEM equipped with an Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDX). The Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS) was used to determine of the light elements. The TEM investigation reveals remarkable microstructure evolution of the specimens during oxidation which generally exhibit a typical multi-layer structure. The TEM images, however, can provide detailed description about the phases occur after oxidation such as the Tungsten (W) and the Gallium (Ga) layers on top of the samples obviously formed during FIB preparation, the formation of Al2O3 and Cr2O3 layer, MgAl2O4 spinel, porosity, Zr/Hf/Mg phases or clusters inside the oxide scale. Hence, the FIB technique has been proven to be reliable preparation technique for microstructural and elemental studies of Fe-20Cr-5Al alloy using TEM.
Independency of Elasticity on Residual Stress of Room Temperature Rolled Stainless Steel 304 Plates for Structure Materials Parikin, Parikin; Allen, David
Makara Journal of Technology Vol. 19, No. 3
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Mechanical strengths of materials are widely expected in general constructions of any building. These properties depend on its formation (cold/hot forming) during fabrication. This research was carried out on cold-rolled stainless steel (SS) 304 plates, which were deformed to 0, 34, 84, and 152% reduction in thickness. The tests were conducted using Vickers method. Ultra micro indentation system (UMIS) 2000 was used to determine the mechanical properties of the material, i.e.: hardness, modulus elasticity, and residual stresses. The microstructures showed lengthening outcropping due to stress corrosion cracking for all specimens. It was found that the tensile residual stress in a specimen was maximum, reaching 442 MPa, for a sample reducing 34% in thickness and minimum; and about 10 MPa for a 196% sample. The quantities showed that the biggest residual stress caused lowering of the proportional limit of material in stress-strain curves. The proportional modulus elasticity varied between 187 GPa and of about 215 GPa and was free from residual stresses.
Texture Analysis using The Neutron Diffraction Method on The Non Standardized Austenitic Steel Process by Machining,Annealing, and Rolling Priyanto, Tri Hardi; Parikin, Parikin; Li, Meijuan
Makara Journal of Technology Vol. 20, No. 1
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Austenitic steel is one type of stainless steel which is widely used in the industry. Many studies on austenitic stainless steel have been performed to determine the physical properties using various types of equipment and methods. In this study, the neutron diffraction method is used to characterize the materials which have been made from minerals extracted from the mines in Indonesia. The materials consist of a granular ferro-scrap, nickel, ferro-chrome, ferro-manganese, and ferro-silicon added with a little titanium. Characterization of the materials was carried out in three processes, namely: machining, annealing, and rolling. Experimental results obtained from the machining process generally produces a texture in the 〈100〉 direction. From the machining to annealing process, the texture index decreases from 3.0164 to 2.434. Texture strength in the machining process (BA2N sample) is 8.13 mrd and it then decreases to 6.99 in the annealing process (A2DO sample). In the annealing process the three-component texture appears, cube-on-edge type texture {110}〈001〉, cube-type texture {001}〈100〉, and brass-type {110}〈112〉. The texture is very strong leading to the direction of orientation {100}〈001〉, while the {011}〈100〉 is weaker than that of the {001}, and texture with orientation {110}〈112〉 is weak. In the annealing process stress release occurred, and this was shown by more randomly pole compared to stress release by the machining process. In the rolling process a brass-type texture{110}〈112〉 with a spread towards the goss-type texture {110}〈001〉 appeared, and the brass component is markedly reinforced compared to the undeformed state (before rolling). Moreover, the presence of an additional {110} component was observed at the center of the (110) pole figure. The pole density of three components increases with the increasing degree of thickness reduction. By increasing degrees of rolling from 81% to 87%, the value of orientation distribution function increases by a factor about three times.
Residual Stress Measurements on the TIG Weld Joint of 57Fe15Cr25Ni Austenitic Steel for Structural Material Applications by Means X-Ray Diffraction Techniques Parikin, Parikin; Ismoyo, Agus Hadi; Iskandar, Riza; Dimyati, Arbi
Makara Journal of Technology Vol. 21, No. 2
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Measurements of residual stress on the 57Fe25Cr15Ni steel plate with no-filler TIG-welding process were carried out. This work was conducted to determine the nature of weld ability in synthesized steel. The bulks were formed in a dimension of 30x20x7 mm3 to ease data retrieval. Results show that the largest residual stress occurred in the weld metal area, amounting to 82.40 MPa with lattice stretching of 0.18%. Conversely, the values decreased to 65.92 MPa and a stretch of 0.14% in the HAZ area. This residual stress is a tensile stress that can reduce the mechanical strength of the material since it adds to the applied loads. This was confirmed by microstructure observations. The carbon content was very high in the dark lines. Weaken materials usually start from this side and could initiate the intergranular cracks that rapidly migrate among its grain boundaries.
Microstructures and Hardness of TIG Welded Experimental 57Fe15Cr25Ni Steel Parikin, Parikin; Dani, Mohammad; Rivai, Abu Khalid; Ismoyo, Agus Hadi; Iskandar, Riza; Dimyati, Arbi
Makara Journal of Technology Vol. 22, No. 2
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The microstructures and hardness of tungsten inert gas (TIG) welded experimental 57Fe15Cr25Ni steel were investigated through optical–scanning electron microscopy analyses and with a hardness tester, respectively. The welding process restructured the constituent atoms into regular and irregular crystal lattices. Rapid cooling of the weld metal allowed the formation of a dendritic (columnar) structure, with porous grains. By contrast, slow cooling influenced HAZ and led to the formation of grain structures. The crystal lattice became more organized and larger than other zones. Meanwhile, the base metal formed circular nets that covered large area inside thick and thin grain boundaries. The diffraction patterns revealed texturing in the weld metal. The crystallite orientation changed from (111) to (200) and (220) planes. The weld metal profile broadened (amorphous) and had full width at half maximum (fwhm) value larger than those in HAZ and the base metal. The weld metal possessed hardness of 121 HV, which is slightly lower than the hardness of the base metal (130 HV). HAZ exhibited the highest hardness value (152 HV). Hardening was influenced by carbon and outer oxygen migration to the grain boundaries, which formed colonies, i.e., chromium carbide, aluminum carbide, aluminum oxide, silicone oxide, and silicon carbide (precipitation hardening). Welding (heat) may change the microstructure and hardness of HAZ and the weld metal region, which would be brittle and very critical in responding to applied loads.
Comprehensive Inspection on the Experimental Ferritic Stainless Steel by Means of Transmission Electron Microscopy and Neutron Diffraction Techniques Parikin, Parikin; Dani, Mohammad; Iskandar, Riza; Jahja, Aziz Khan; Insani, Andon; Mayer, Joachim
Makara Journal of Technology Vol. 23, No. 3
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The field of physical metallurgy is one of the primary beacons that guide alloy developments for multipurpose materials such as the in-core structure materials for pressure vessel components and heat exchangers. The surface microstructure of new ferritic steel with significant local constituent materials was characterized by high resolution powder neutron diffractometer (HRPD) and transmission electron microscope (TEM), combined with the energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The alloy contains73% Fe, 24% Cr, 2% Si, 0.8% Mn, and 0.1% Ni, in %wt. The charge materials were melted by the casting techniques. The neutron diffractograms obtained shows five dominant diffraction peaks at (110), (200), (211), and (220) reflection planes, which is a typical structure for a body centered tetragonal system. The pattern also included some unidentified peaks which were verified to be Al2O3.54SiO2, Cr23C6, and SiC crystals. A piece of alloy which taken from the middle of the ferritic ingots was also characterized by the HRPD; no unidentified peaks were observed. Results from the scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) combined with EDX analyses confirmed the neutron identified phase distributions. Also, oxides and carbides were observed to form mainly close to the surface of the steel. Cracks and pores which probably formed during the preparations were also identified close to the surface. Although the ferritic steel was successfully synthesized and characterized, some unidentified phases and defects could still be found in the produced ingots.
Effects of Plasma Sintering on the Post TIG Weld Joint of Fe-15Cr-25Ni Austenitic Stainless Steel Parikin, Parikin; Dani, Mohammad; Dimyati, Arbi; Insani, Andon; Deswita, Deswita; Aziz, Ferhat; Mardiyanto, Mardiyanto; Mustofa, Salim; Purwanto, Setyo; Adhika, Damar Rastri; Syahbuddin, Syahbuddin; Huang, Ching An
Makara Journal of Technology Vol. 26, No. 1
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Arc-plasma sintering (APS) for 5 s has been applied to the post tungsten inert gas (TIG) weld joint of Fe–15Cr–25Ni austenitic stainless steel (ASS). The treatment is intended to observe the effect of heat generated by plasma on micro-crystal structures around the fusion zone (FZ), especially internal stress relief in steel after being subjected to welding. The effect of stress relief in weld was measured using the neutron diffraction technique. ASS that is predominantly composed of Fe, Cr, and Ni elements, with contents of 57%, 15%, and 25%wt. respectively, was cut into two parts. Both parts were then welded with TIG without filler with a current and voltage of 60 A and 50 V, respectively. After APS for 5 s, the sample was characterized and analyzed using high-resolution powder neutron diffractometer at a high-temperature laboratory facility. The results show that the tensile residual stress decreased with the APS heat input. The residual stresses significantly decreased from 82.40 MPa to 1.21 MPa in the FZ and continued almost evenly from 65.92 MPa to 1.24 MPa in the heat-affected zone (HAZ). The residual stress is a tensile stress that can reduce the mechanical strength of materials. This condition is also applicable to applied loads. A microstructure gives a confirmation that the C element migrates from the FZ to HAZ. The content was very high in dark traces. The C element reacts to Cr and O to form chromium carbide (Cr23C6) and chromium carbonyl (CrC6O6), respectively. It rapidly migrates among its grain boundaries. It may also weaken materials and probably initiate intergranular cracks.
Co-Authors A. Dimyati, A. A. Insani A.H. Ismoyo Abu Khalid Rivai Agus Hadi Ismoyo Andon Insani Arbi Dimyati Bandriyana Bandriyana Damar Rastri Adhika David Allen, David Deswita Deswita Ferhat Aziz Huang, A. Huang, Ching An Jahja, Aziz Khan Joachim Mayer, Joachim M. Dani Mardiyanto Mardiyanto Meijuan Li, Meijuan Mohammad Dani Mustofa, S. Panitra, M. Priyanto, T. H. Pudji Untoro Purnamasari, N. D. Putra, Teguh Yulius Surya Panca Riza Iskandar Salim Mustofa Setyo Purwanto Sugeng, B. Suminta, S Syahbuddin Syahbuddin Teguh Yulius Surya Panca Putra, Teguh Yulius Surya Tri Hardi Priyanto