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PEMBUATAN VIRGIN COCONUT OIL (VCO) : PEMECAHAN EMULSI DENGAN METODE ULTRASONIK Nely Fatwatun R.; Kaunaini Chusna; Bambang Pramudono
JURNAL TEKNOLOGI KIMIA DAN INDUSTRI Volume 2, Nomor 4, Tahun 2013
Publisher : Jurusan Teknik Kimia, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Diponegoro,

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Coconut tree is one of the strategic commodities which became the pre-eminent national. In addition to being one of the strategic commodities, coconut tree has many benefits start from the root, stem, leaf, fruit, up to they sheath. VCO is one product of the coconut plant has bigger added value and beneficial to health. Research needs to be done to study the manufacture of VCO that is created by using ultrasonic waves and compare it with the existing method of VCO by using secondary data. The purpose of this research was to determine the influence of temperature and ratio of water and coconut in the manufacture of VCO with ultrasonic method, analyze the physical properties chemical VCO and compare the results with SNI, comparing the results of ultrasonic method with VCO created with another method, as well as find out the methods and conditions of operation of VCO with good quality and high yield. Manufacture of VCO is done by the method of ultrasonic wave using time 60 minutes with frequency 70kHz. Changing variables used are coconut water ratio of 1:1; 1,5:1; 2:1 and the temperature is 30OC, 40OC, 50OC. The resulting calculated oil yield and quality are analyzed. Analysis undertaken include organoleptic analysis, moisture content, free fatty acid, peroxide value, number Iod, and Fe contamination. The research results showed that ultrasound can be used to break down the emulsion VCO-water. Ratio of the coconut and water as well as in the manufacture of coconut milk and temperatures when ultrasonic affects yield. physical and chemical properties of two samples VCO with the highest yield has according to SNI. VCO is made by the method of ultrasonic have the lowest yield, but the quality is the best if compared to the method of fermentation, enzimatis, pumping and centrifugation. Ultrasonic methods, variables coconut and water ratio of 2:1 at temperature 30OC is the maximum operating conditions which produced the VCO with good quality and high yield, but ultrasonic method is not a method that can produce the highest yield, despite having the best quality.

INOVASI PRODUKSI MINYAK KAYU MANIS DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN TEKNIK HIDRODISTILASI VAKUM Andita Rusliawan; Dina Mukti Wijayanti; Bambang Pramudono
JURNAL TEKNOLOGI KIMIA DAN INDUSTRI Volume 1, Nomor 1, Tahun 2012
Publisher : Jurusan Teknik Kimia, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Diponegoro,

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Cinnamon oil is processed from cinnamon bark that has a high selling price. Cinnamon oil can be produced through a process either distillation or extraction. In this study, cinnamon bark is washed, dried, milled, and sieved to obtain size 2-3; 0.85-2; <0.85 mm. Then vacuum hydrodistillation is carried out with 800mL of water, 100 grams of cinnamon bark, at 70 ° C and 450mmHg (0.59 atm). Product from vacuum hydrodistillation is then measured and analyzed for levels cinnamic aldehyde. Optimum variables in this study are 0.85-2mm particle size and 4.5 hours which give the greatest yield is 3.02 (g oil produced/100 g cinnamon bark). Product of cinnamon oil with vacuum hydrodistillation have a good quality with 72.60% cinnamic aldehyde and fulfilling the standards of cinnamon oil.

PRODUKSI BIOGAS DARI ECENG GONDOK (EICCHORNIA CRASSIPES) : KAJIAN KONSISTENSI DAN pH TERHADAP BIOGAS DIHASILKAN Arnold Yonathan; Avianda Rusba Prasetya; Bambang Pramudono
JURNAL TEKNOLOGI KIMIA DAN INDUSTRI Volume 1, Nomor 1, Tahun 2012
Publisher : Jurusan Teknik Kimia, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Diponegoro,

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Water hyacinth (Eicchornia crassipes) is one of the weeds type which has the fastest growth amongothers, but it can be used in the biogas production because it contains large number ofhemiselulosa. Anaerobic digestion is a process where the microorganism is doing a biodegradablematerial split within the oxygen devoid. The biogas making process begins at cutting up the waterhyacinth, to be added with the water and to be blended with cow dung later. When the mixedsolution is already well-suited with the operation variable, pour it into the pre-treatmentbiodigester by adding the H2SO4 into the (substrat). The process will present the result atcomposition variable, which is showing the largest biogas production at 2:2,5 composition in1.162,97mL, and the smallest biogas production at 2:1 composition in 12,85mL. The bestcomposition from the fermentation process has done before is used as the dependent variable witha pH variable change. The result shows at the pH interval 4 -7, the biogas production isincreasing, and will decrease at the pH 8. The largest biogas production is at the variable pH 7 inthe amount of 1.162,97mL. The GC analysis result shows the metana that contains inside thebiogas is 0,03mol/100gr water hyacinth.

PRODUKSI BIOGAS DARI ECENG GONDOK (EICCHORNIA CRASSIPES) : KAJIAN KONSISTENSI DAN pH TERHADAP BIOGAS DIHASILKAN Arnold Yonathan; Avianda Rusba Prasetya; Bambang Pramudono
JURNAL TEKNOLOGI KIMIA DAN INDUSTRI Volume 2, Nomor 2, Tahun 2013
Publisher : Jurusan Teknik Kimia, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Diponegoro,

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (905.616 KB)

Water hyacinth (Eicchornia crassipes) is one of the weeds type which has the fastest growth amongothers, but it can be used in the biogas production because it contains large number ofhemiselulosa. Anaerobic digestion is a process where the microorganism is doing a biodegradablematerial split within the oxygen devoid. The biogas making process begins at cutting up the waterhyacinth, to be added with the water and to be blended with cow dung later. When the mixedsolution is already well-suited with the operation variable, pour it into the pre-treatmentbiodigester by adding the H2SO4 into the (substrat). The process will present the result atcomposition variable, which is showing the largest biogas production at 2:2,5 composition in1.162,97mL, and the smallest biogas production at 2:1 composition in 12,85mL. The bestcomposition from the fermentation process has done before is used as the dependent variable witha pH variable change. The result shows at the pH interval 4 -7, the biogas production isincreasing, and will decrease at the pH 8. The largest biogas production is at the variable pH 7 inthe amount of 1.162,97mL. The GC analysis result shows the metana that contains inside thebiogas is 0,03mol/100gr water hyacinth.

Kinetic Modeling of Flocculation and Coalescence in the System Emulsion of Water-Xylene-Terbutyl Oleyl Glycosides Harsa Pawignya; Tutuk Djoko Kusworo; Bambang Pramudono
Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 2019: BCREC Volume 14 Issue 1 Year 2019 (April 2019)
Publisher : Department of Chemical Engineering - Diponegoro University

The development of a mathematical model for explaining the kinetics of flocculation and coalescence of emulsion droplets is essential to study the stability of an emulsion system of the kinetics of emulsion stability. Mathematic models was developed from the equation Van Den Tempel by modifying emulsion systems. The emulsion was made by mixing water-xylene and surfactant tert-butyl oleyl glycosides. This research studied the effect of stirrer speed on the value of flocculation rate constant (a) and coalescence rate constant (K). The model identified the emulsion development condition whether controlled by coalescence or flocculation. It was observed that under lower agitation speed (1000 rpm) the emulsion development was controlled by flocculation mechanism, while a faster agitation (2000 rpm or higher) exhibited coalescence controlled mechanism. The results confirmed that the 1st model was the most appropriate for water-xylene-TBOG emulsion system. From four models after fitting with experimental data, the most suitable model is 4th model, because it has the smallest error of 2.22 %.

Microwave Irradiation-Assisted Chitosan Hydrolysis Using Cellulase Enzyme Nur Rokhati; Bambang Pramudono; Titik Istirokhatun; Heru Susanto
Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 2018: BCREC Volume 13 Issue 3 Year 2018 (December 2018)
Publisher : Department of Chemical Engineering - Diponegoro University

The influence of microwave irradiation on the chitosan hydrolysis catalyzed by cellulase enzyme was studied. The hydrolyzed chitosan was characterized by measuring its viscosity and reducing sugar. Further, it was also characterized by Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The classical Michaelis-Menten kinetic parameters were measured by analyzing the amount of reducing sugars. The results were compared with the hydrolysis by using conventional shaker incubator. The hydrolysis reaction time needed to obtain similar reducing sugar yield was significantly lower for microwave irradiation than shaker incubator. On the other hand, the reduction rate of the relative viscosity was significantly higher for the hydrolysis of chitosan using shaker incubator. A significant difference in chemical structure was observed between hydrolysis using microwave irradiation and shaker incubator. Overall, the result showed that the hydrolysis behavior of chitosan using microwave irradiation is significantly different with using shaker incubator.

Pengaruh Pretreatment Iradiasi Microwave pada Hidrolisis Kitosan dengan Enzim Cellulase Nur Rokhati; Bambang Pramudono; Mohammad Sulchan; Anggara Eka Permana; Suryo Tetuko
Jurnal Aplikasi Teknologi Pangan Vol 6, No 1 (2017): Februari 2017
Publisher : Indonesian Food Technologists

Kitosan merupakan polimer alam yang diperoleh dari proses deasetilasi kitin yang terkandung di dalam cangkang binatang invertebrata terutama crustacea seperti udang dan rajungan. Karena sifatnya yang biocompatible, biodegradable, bioaktivitas, dan tidak beracun, kitosan telah digunakan secara luas dalam berbagai bidang seperti pangan, nutrisi, farmasi, medis, dan pertanian. Kitosan memiliki berat molekul yang tinggi, viskositas tinggi, dan kelarutan di dalam air yang rendah, sehingga akan menghambat aplikasinya. Salah satu metode yang umum dilakukan untuk menurunkan berat molekul kitosan adalah hidrolisis enzimatis. Kelemahan dari metode ini adalah laju reaksi yang lambat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji pretreatment iradiasi microwave pada hidrolisis enzimatis kitosan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pretreatment iradiasi microwave dapat meningkatkan laju penurunan berat molekul dan viskositas larutan kitosan. Hidrolisis kitosan dengan pretreatment iradiasi microwave pada power 120 watt selama 9 menit dapat meningkatkan kelarutan kitosan dalam air dari 0,02% menjadi 0,26% (berat/volume). Analisis FTIR menunjukkan bahwa struktur kimia produk hidrolisis mirip dengan kitosan awal.Chitosan is a natural polymer obtained from the deacetylation of chitin contained in shells of invertebrates, especially crustaceans such as shrimp and crab. Because it is biocompatible, biodegradable, bioactivity, and non-toxic, chitosan has been widely used in various fields such as food, nutritional, pharmaceutical, medical, and agriculture. Chitosan has a high molecular weight, high viscosity, and solubility in water is low, so it will hamper application. One common method to lower the molecular weight of chitosan is the enzymatic hydrolysis. The disadvantage of this method is the reaction rate is slow. This study aims to assess the microwave irradiation pretreatment on enzymatic hydrolysis of chitosan. The results showed that pretreatment microwave irradiation can increase the rate of decrease in molecular weight and viscosity of chitosan solution. Pretreatment of chitosan hydrolysis with microwave irradiation at 120 watts power for 9 minutes can increase the solubility of chitosan in water from 0,02% to 0,26% (weight / volume). FTIR analysis showed that the hydrolysis products of the chemical structure is similar to the initial chitosan.

Optimization for Production Tert-Butyl Oleyl Glycoside Nonioic Surfactant Using Response Surface Methodology Harsa Pawignya; Tutuk Djoko Kusworo; Bambang Pramudono
ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol 18, No 2 (2018)
Publisher : Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada

The development of surfactant production process strongly influenced by the potential use of raw materials and products that are environmentally friendly. For raw materials such as surfactants are carbohydrate-based material utilization example, glucose, which is reacted with tert-butanol, to form tert-butyl glycoside (TBG), then TBG can be esterified with oleic acid forming surfactant tert-butyl oleyl glycoside (TBOG). This study aims to obtain the optimum conditions TBOG production process of esterification reactions TBG and oleic acid catalyst the para toluene sulfonic acid using response surface method to reach optimum yield TBOG. The independent variable used is the mole ratio of TBG with oleic acid, percent of the catalyst and a temperature. Optimization results obtained optimum conditions of mole ratios of 1: 4.096; 2.33 percent of the catalyst and the temperature of 96.04 °C with a TBOG yield of 92.46%, with a TBOG content of 91.72 %. Based on the HLB value of the surfactant TBOG is 3.87, then these surfactants can be used as an emulsifier of water-in-oil.

Kinetic Modeling of Flocculation and Coalescence in the System Emulsion of Water-Xylene-Terbutyl Oleyl Glycosides Harsa Pawignya; Tutuk Djoko Kusworo; Bambang Pramudono
Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 2019: BCREC Volume 14 Issue 1 Year 2019 (April 2019)
Publisher : Masyarakat Katalis Indonesia - Indonesian Catalyst Society (MKICS)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.14.1.2594.60-68

The development of a mathematical model for explaining the kinetics of flocculation and coalescence of emulsion droplets is essential to study the stability of an emulsion system of the kinetics of emulsion stability. Mathematic models was developed from the equation Van Den Tempel by modifying emulsion systems. The emulsion was made by mixing water-xylene and surfactant tert-butyl oleyl glycosides. This research studied the effect of stirrer speed on the value of flocculation rate constant (a) and coalescence rate constant (K). The model identified the emulsion development condition whether controlled by coalescence or flocculation. It was observed that under lower agitation speed (1000 rpm) the emulsion development was controlled by flocculation mechanism, while a faster agitation (2000 rpm or higher) exhibited coalescence controlled mechanism. The results confirmed that the 1st model was the most appropriate for water-xylene-TBOG emulsion system. From four models after fitting with experimental data, the most suitable model is 4th model, because it has the smallest error of 2.22 %.

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