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The Effect of F:S Ratio, Temperature, Particle Diameter, and Mixing Speed in The Dispersive Contact Batch Extraction of Phaleria macrocarpa Fruit Using 70%-v Ethanol Solvent Susiana Prasetyo S
Prosiding Seminar Nasional Teknik Kimia "Kejuangan" 2015: Prosiding SNTKK 2015
Publisher : Seminar Nasional Teknik Kimia Kejuangan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar

Phaleria macrocarpa is a native Indonesian plant from Papua, which has a high content of antioxidant and antimicrobial bioactive compounds. Therefore, it offers a very high potential to be utilized as the raw material for food preservative and supplement, as well as herbal medicine. This study was conducted for the development of the extraction and separation technology to obtain the useful bioactive compounds within a high quality extract from Phaleria macrocarpa fruit. Solid-liquid extraction was performed by dispersive contact using 70%-v ethanol in a 2 L batch extractor. The extraction process involved some variations of the process variables, namely F:S ratio (0.025 – 0.05 g/mL), temperature (28 - 52°C), particle effective diameter (0.22 – 0.90 cm), and mixing speed (140 – 400 rpm). The experimental series were carried out by using a Box-Behnken design with 3 center points, in order to comprehend both responses of yield oleoresin time profile and antioxidant activity (as DPPH equivalent). The experiments by varying those process variables could be used to estimate the volumetric mass transfer coefficient (kLa) using macroscopic balance based on a lumped model. The extraction optimum conditions were found at F:S ratio of 0.03 g/mL; temperature at 28°C; mixing speed 400 rpm; and particle diameter of 0.76 cm under which the highest yield of 94.56% , DPPH equivalent of 3.7364 μmol DPPH/mg crude extract, and mass transfer coefficient of 0.0192 s-1 were obtained.

Pemanfaatan Ekstrak Protein dari Kacang-kacangan sebagai Koagulan Alami: Review Hans Kristianto; Susiana Prasetyo; Asaf Kleopas Sugih
Jurnal Rekayasa Proses Vol 13, No 2 (2019)
Publisher : Departemen Teknik Kimia Fakultas Teknik Universitas Gadjah Mada

Coagulation and flocculation are commonly used in water and wastewater treatment. Inorganic coagulant such as alum (Al2(SO4)3), ferrous sulphate (FeSO4), and polyaluminium chloride (PAC) are commonly used. These coagulants are known for its effectiveness and simple operation procedure. However, there are some drawbacks such as reduction in pH, potential negative health effect when the treated water is consumed, and large sludge volume. To overcome these problems, utilization of natural coagulants has been proposed. Based on its active coagulating agent, natural coagulant could be divided as polyphenolic, polysaccharides, and protein. Protein from beans and seeds is commonly used as the source of active coagulating agent, due to its effectiveness, availability, and relatively simple pretreatment is needed. Usually the protein is extracted by using 0.5-1 M NaCl solution as globulin is the major protein fraction in beans.The extracted protein could act as cationic polymer to neutralize negatively charged colloids through adsorption-charge neutralization mechanism. Extracted protein could work effectively to treat turbid and waste water with lower cost compared to alum. However, most of existing studies are still focused on small – pilot scale utilization thus further explorations are still needed.A B S T R A KKoagulasi dan flokulasi merupakan proses yang umum digunakan dalam pengolahan air dan limbah cair. Pada umumnya digunakan koagulan seperti alum (Al2(SO4)3), ferro sulfat (FeSO4), dan polialuminium klorida (PAC). Selain efektif, koagulasi merupakan proses yang relatif sederhana dan mudah diterapkan. Akan tetapi koagulasi dengan koagulan anorganik memiliki beberapa kekurangan seperti menurunnya pH menjadi asam saat digunakan, potensi gangguan kesehatan jika air hasil pengolahan terkonsumsi, serta volume sludge yang dihasilkan relatif tinggi. Penggunaan koagulan alami menjadi alternatif dalam pengolahan air untuk mengatasi berbagai kekurangan tersebut. Berdasarkan bahan aktif koagulannya, koagulan alami dapat dibagi menjadi polifenol, polisakarida, dan protein. Protein dari kacang-kacangan merupakan salah satu sumber koagulan alami yang umum digunakan, karena selain efektif, kacang-kacangan mudah didapat, serta membutuhkan perlakuan yang relatif sederhana, meliputi pengeringan, pengecilan ukuran, ekstraksi, serta purifikasi. Proses ekstraksi kacang-kacangan pada umumnya menggunakan larutan garam NaCl dengan konsentrasi 0,5-1 M, dikarenakan fraksi protein dominan pada protein kacang-kacangan pada umumnya berupa globulin. Protein yang terekstrak berfungsi sebagai polimer kationik yang cocok digunakan untuk mengolah koloid yang bermuatan negatif melalui mekanisme adsorpsi-netralisasi muatan. Pemanfaatan ekstrak protein dapat bekerja efektif untuk mengolah kekeruhan dan air limbah, dengan biaya yang lebih rendah dibandingkan alum. Akan tetapi pemanfaatannya masih pada skala laboratorium-pilot, sehingga diperlukan pengembangan lebih lanjut untuk isolasi ekstrak serta aplikasinya pada skala industri.

Potensi Polisakarida dari Limbah Buah-buahan sebagai Koagulan Alami dalam Pengolahan Air dan Limbah Cair: Review Hans Kristianto; Angelica Jennifer; Asaf Kleopas Sugih; Susiana Prasetyo
Jurnal Rekayasa Proses Vol 14, No 2 (2020)
Publisher : Departemen Teknik Kimia Fakultas Teknik Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/jrekpros.57798

Nowadays, various studies related to utilization of biobased materials as natural coagulants have been explored. Based on the source, natural coagulants can be classified as animal, vegetable, or microbial based. Furthermore, based on the active ingredients, it can be classified as protein, polyphenols, and polysaccharides. Polysaccharides are abundant natural ingredients and are often found in plants or animals. In this study, we focused on polysaccharides, especially those from fruit waste, such as seeds and fruit peels. It is known that around 25-30% of the total weight of fruit is generally wasted, even though it contains phytochemicals and various active ingredients that can be utilized, especially as a natural coagulant. This review will focus on the use of pectin and starch from fruit waste as natural coagulants for water- wastewater treatment. Generally, pectin is commonly found in the skin of fruits as part of the cell wall structure, while starch is found in fruit seeds as food reserves. To be used as a natural coagulant, pectin or starch need to be extracted first. In particular, starch needs to be modified either physically or chemically. The coagulation mechanism of pectin and starch usually follows the interparticle bridging mechanism. The use of pectin and starch from fruit waste needs to be explored and further investigated, to substitute the use of chemical coagulants.Keywords: coagulation; fruit waste; natural coagulant; polysaccharidesA B S T R A KDewasa ini berbagai studi terkait pemanfaatan bahan alam sebagai koagulan alami telah banyak dieksplorasi. Berdasarkan sumbernya, koagulan alami dapat digolongkan berbasis hewani, nabati, maupun mikrobial, sementara berdasarkan bahan aktifnya dapat digolongkan sebagai protein, polifenol, dan polisakarida. Polisakarida merupakan bahan alam yang berlimpah dan seringkali dijumpai pada tumbuh-tumbuhan dan hewan. Pada kajian ini difokuskan pada polisakarida terutama yang berasal dari limbah buah-buahan yang tidak termanfaatkan, seperti biji dan kulit buah. Diketahui sekitar 25-30% dari total berat buah pada umumnya terbuang, padahal memiliki kandungan fitokimia dan berbagai bahan aktif yang dapat dimanfaatkan, salah satunya sebagai koagulan alami. Pada tinjauan ini akan difokuskan pada pemanfaatan pektin dan pati dari limbah buah-buahan sebagai koagulan alami untuk pengolahan air dan limbah cair. Secara umum pektin umum dijumpai pada bagian kulit buah-buahan sebagai bagian dari struktur dinding sel, sementara pati umum dijumpai pada biji buah-buahan sebagai cadangan makanan. Untuk dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai koagulan alami, pektin ataupun pati perlu diekstrak terlebih dahulu, dan pati secara khusus perlu dimodifikasi baik secara fisika maupun kimia. Secara umum mekanisme koagulasi oleh pektin dan pati mengikuti mekanisme interparticle bridging. Pemanfaatan pektin dan pati dari limbah buah-buahan perlu dieksplorasi dan diteliti lebih lanjut, agar dapat mensubstitusi penggunaan koagulan kimia secara komersial.Kata kunci: koagulasi; koagulan alami; limbah buah-buahan; polisakarida

MODEL PERPINDAHAN MASSA PADA EKSTRAKSI SAPONIN BIJI TEH DENGAN PELARUT ISOPROPIL ALKHOHOL 50% DENGAN PENGONTAKAN SECARA DISPERSI MENGGUNAKAN ANALISIS DIMENSI Susiana Prasetyo; Felicia Yosephine
Reaktor Volume 14, Nomor 2, Oktober 2012
Publisher : Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University

Indonesia merupakan salah satu penghasil teh terbesar di dunia. Menurut data dari Deptan 2010, dengan luas lahan sebesar 127712 ha, Indonesia dapat menghasilkan produktivitas teh sebesar 153971 ton/tahun. Namun sayangnya, selama ini pemanfaatan tanaman teh di Indonesia masih terbatas pada pucuk daunnya saja. Bagian tanaman teh yang memiliki kandungan potensial namun belum dimanfaatkan adalah biji teh, mengandung 26% saponin, 20-60% minyak dan 11% protein. Saponin merupakan salah satu komponen bioaktif yang telah dimanfaatkan sebagai insektisida pembasmi hama pada tambak udang, bahan baku industri deterjen, shampoo, minuman bir, pembentuk busa pada pemadam kebakaran, dan dapat dimanfaatkan pula sebagai pupuk organik. Pada penelitian ini, saponin biji teh diperoleh melalui ekstraksi biji teh pasca pengepresan menggunakan pelarut IPA 50% secara batch di dalam sebuah ekstraktor berkapasitas 2 L. Pengontakan solvent dengan biji teh dilakukan secara dispersi. Pada penelitian ini, rasio massa pelarut terhadap massa umpan diset 20:1; temperatur divariasikan 25-60 oC, kecepatan pengadukan 100-400 rpm, serta ukuran biji teh divariasikan -40+50 mesh s.d -100+200 mesh. Ekstraksi dilakukan hingga tercapai kesetimbangan. Ekstrak yang diperoleh dipekatkan menggunakan rotavapor vakum pada temperatur di bawah 40oC. Ekstrak pekat saponin kasar yang didapat dimurnikan dengan penambahan eter, etanol dan petroleum eter secara bertahap sehingga diperoleh endapan saponin murni yang kemudian dikeringkan menggunakan tray drier pada temperatur 40oC. Pada penelitian ini, model perpindahan massa sederhana dikembangkan untuk menggambarkan proses ekstraksi padat-cair saponin biji teh. Berdasarkan hasil analisis dimensi diperoleh hubungan antara koefisien perpindahan massa volumetrik (kLa) pada lapisan antar fasa padat-cair dengan variabel-variabel ekstraksi yang dinyatakan dalam persamaan bilangan tak berdimensi dengan ralat rata-rata 3,7904 %.DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS FOR MASS TRANSFER MODEL FOR SAPONIN FROM TEA SEEDS USING 50% ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL SOLVENT IN A DISPERSION SYSTEM. Indonesia is one of the biggest tea producers in the world. According to the Deptan 2010, about 127712 hectares plantation land area produced 153971 tons of tea. Nevertheless, the utilization of tea is still restricted on the tea young sprouts. The tea seed itself which is very potential due to its bioactive ingredients has not been utilized yet. The seed contains 26% saponin, 20-60% oil, and 11% protein. Saponin is one of the bioactive components which has been used as an insecticide to kill pests on shrimps in the fishing industry, or additives for detergent industry, shampoo, beer drinks, foam on the fire department, and it can also be used as an organic fertilizer. In this research, tea seed saponin was obtained from the extraction of tea seed which was previously mechanically pressed using IPA 50% as the solvent in a 2 L batch extractor. The contact between solvent and the seed tea occurred via dispersion mechanism. The fixed variable during the extractions was mass solvent to mass feed ratios (20:1), while the studied variables were temperatures (25-60oC), stirring speeds (100-400 rpm), and the sizes of the seeds (-40+50 mesh to -100+200 mesh). Extraction was carried out until equilibrium was reached. Extract was concentrated by vacuum evaporation at temperatures below 40oC. Concentrated saponin was purified by sequential addition of ether; ethanol and petroleum ether in order to obtain pure saponin precipitated which is then dried using a tray drier at a temperature of 40oC. In this study, a simple mass transfer model was developed in order to describe the solid-liquid extraction process of tea seed saponin. Based on the results of the dimensional analysis, the relationships between the volumetric mass transfer coefficient (kLa) at the interphase of solid-liquid surface and extraction variables can be expressed by the following equation with the average error is 3.7904%.

The Pre-chromatography Purification of Crude Oleoresin of Phaleria Macrocarpa Fruit Extracts by Using 70%-v/v Ethanol Susiana Prasetyo S
Prosiding Seminar Nasional Teknik Kimia "Kejuangan" 2015: Prosiding SNTKK 2015
Publisher : Seminar Nasional Teknik Kimia Kejuangan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar

Phaleria macrocarpa is a native Indonesian plant which originated from Papua. The fruit posseses a high efficacy for health benefits due to the abundant content of antioxidant compounds, such as flavonoids, tanins, alkaloids, terpenoids and saponins. This research objective was to separate the various bioactive compounds in the extract (crude oleoresin) of the Phaleria macrocarpa fruit into several fractions, prior to a HPLC fraction collector, by using several selective solvents. The separation process utilized a liquid-liquid extraction method by an oscillation equipment for 1-2 hours. The extractions were carried out using F : S ratio of 1:1, at room temperature with 70%-v/v ethanol. The crude extract of each extract and raffinate was analyzed quantitatively. The quantitative analysis methods used were Obadoni and Ochuko for saponins test, n-hekxane separation for terpenoids test, and aluminium ion for flavonoids test. Folin-Ciocalteu and Sreevidya and Mehrotra methods were utilized for tannins and alkaloids tests, respectively. Meanwhile, the antioxidant activity was measured by DPPH method. The experimental results showed that the hexane fraction (first partition) was able to extract the resin component and selective enough to extract terpenoid groups (steroids) with Kd = 9.5960. The second partition, using chloroform solvent was not successful because of all the phytochemical components were evenly distributed in both fractions. Meanwhile, n-butanol fraction (third partition) selectively extract a large amount of flavonoid groups with Kd = 5.4880 but none of saponin was detected in this fraction. Flavonoid groups was found as the dominant component in the fruit extract contributed to the high antioxidant activity.

Isolasi Alginat Rumput Laut Coklat (Sargassum sp.) menggunakan Jalur Kalsium Alginat Susiana Prasetyo S; Olivia Juliani; Asaf Kleopas Sugih
Prosiding Seminar Nasional Teknik Kimia "Kejuangan" 2017: PROSIDING SNTKK
Publisher : Seminar Nasional Teknik Kimia Kejuangan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar

Alginate has been widely used in industrial field because of its natural properties as gelling agent. Brownseaweed, especially Sargassum and Turbinaria as the alginate sources are widely grown in Indonesia; butunfortunately there has yet to be any alginate industry in Indonesia. Alginate content in Sargassum isconsidered quite large, about 35%, whereas alginate content in Turbinaria is only around 20-25%. In thisresearch, sodium alginate was isolated from dried brown seaweed (Sargassum sp.) which first passedthrough the acid treatment using 0,5%-b/v HCl and alkaline treatment using 0,5%-b/v NaOH. Extraction wasdone in batch, using 2%-b/v Na2CO3 solvent. The chosen post-treatment method was through the Ca-alginatepath with experimental design Reponse Surface Methods-Central Composite Design with 5 center point. Thevaried variable was the concentration of CaCl2 (0,11 – 2,09 M) and the ratio of CaCl2 solution/alginateextract (0,48 – 4,02 g/g). The result showed that higher concentration of CaCl2 increased the yield, viscosity,and ash content. As the ratio of CaCl2/alginate extract got higher, the viscosity had the tendency to decreaseand the ash content increased. Yield of the obtained sodium alginate powder was 6,95 -30,7%; 1,48 – 11,85cP viscosity; ash content about 18,46 – 52,65%; and water content around 6,14 – 8,32%. The optimumcondition was obtained at CaCl2 concentration of 1,02 M and the ratio of CaCl2/alginate extract about 2,01g/g with 27,72% yield, 11,38 cP viscosity, 19,56% ash content, and 6,14-8,32% water content of sodiumalginate.

Pemanfaatan Ekstrak Protein dari Kacang-kacangan sebagai Koagulan Alami: Review Hans Kristianto; Susiana Prasetyo; Asaf Kleopas Sugih
Jurnal Rekayasa Proses Vol 13, No 2 (2019)
Publisher : Departemen Teknik Kimia Fakultas Teknik Universitas Gadjah Mada

Coagulation and flocculation are commonly used in water and wastewater treatment. Inorganic coagulant such as alum (Al2(SO4)3), ferrous sulphate (FeSO4), and polyaluminium chloride (PAC) are commonly used. These coagulants are known for its effectiveness and simple operation procedure. However, there are some drawbacks such as reduction in pH, potential negative health effect when the treated water is consumed, and large sludge volume. To overcome these problems, utilization of natural coagulants has been proposed. Based on its active coagulating agent, natural coagulant could be divided as polyphenolic, polysaccharides, and protein. Protein from beans and seeds is commonly used as the source of active coagulating agent, due to its effectiveness, availability, and relatively simple pretreatment is needed. Usually the protein is extracted by using 0.5-1 M NaCl solution as globulin is the major protein fraction in beans.The extracted protein could act as cationic polymer to neutralize negatively charged colloids through adsorption-charge neutralization mechanism. Extracted protein could work effectively to treat turbid and waste water with lower cost compared to alum. However, most of existing studies are still focused on small – pilot scale utilization thus further explorations are still needed.A B S T R A KKoagulasi dan flokulasi merupakan proses yang umum digunakan dalam pengolahan air dan limbah cair. Pada umumnya digunakan koagulan seperti alum (Al2(SO4)3), ferro sulfat (FeSO4), dan polialuminium klorida (PAC). Selain efektif, koagulasi merupakan proses yang relatif sederhana dan mudah diterapkan. Akan tetapi koagulasi dengan koagulan anorganik memiliki beberapa kekurangan seperti menurunnya pH menjadi asam saat digunakan, potensi gangguan kesehatan jika air hasil pengolahan terkonsumsi, serta volume sludge yang dihasilkan relatif tinggi. Penggunaan koagulan alami menjadi alternatif dalam pengolahan air untuk mengatasi berbagai kekurangan tersebut. Berdasarkan bahan aktif koagulannya, koagulan alami dapat dibagi menjadi polifenol, polisakarida, dan protein. Protein dari kacang-kacangan merupakan salah satu sumber koagulan alami yang umum digunakan, karena selain efektif, kacang-kacangan mudah didapat, serta membutuhkan perlakuan yang relatif sederhana, meliputi pengeringan, pengecilan ukuran, ekstraksi, serta purifikasi. Proses ekstraksi kacang-kacangan pada umumnya menggunakan larutan garam NaCl dengan konsentrasi 0,5-1 M, dikarenakan fraksi protein dominan pada protein kacang-kacangan pada umumnya berupa globulin. Protein yang terekstrak berfungsi sebagai polimer kationik yang cocok digunakan untuk mengolah koloid yang bermuatan negatif melalui mekanisme adsorpsi-netralisasi muatan. Pemanfaatan ekstrak protein dapat bekerja efektif untuk mengolah kekeruhan dan air limbah, dengan biaya yang lebih rendah dibandingkan alum. Akan tetapi pemanfaatannya masih pada skala laboratorium-pilot, sehingga diperlukan pengembangan lebih lanjut untuk isolasi ekstrak serta aplikasinya pada skala industri.

Potensi Polisakarida dari Limbah Buah-buahan sebagai Koagulan Alami dalam Pengolahan Air dan Limbah Cair: Review Hans Kristianto; Angelica Jennifer; Asaf Kleopas Sugih; Susiana Prasetyo
Jurnal Rekayasa Proses Vol 14, No 2 (2020)
Publisher : Departemen Teknik Kimia Fakultas Teknik Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/jrekpros.57798

Nowadays, various studies related to utilization of biobased materials as natural coagulants have been explored. Based on the source, natural coagulants can be classified as animal, vegetable, or microbial based. Furthermore, based on the active ingredients, it can be classified as protein, polyphenols, and polysaccharides. Polysaccharides are abundant natural ingredients and are often found in plants or animals. In this study, we focused on polysaccharides, especially those from fruit waste, such as seeds and fruit peels. It is known that around 25-30% of the total weight of fruit is generally wasted, even though it contains phytochemicals and various active ingredients that can be utilized, especially as a natural coagulant. This review will focus on the use of pectin and starch from fruit waste as natural coagulants for water- wastewater treatment. Generally, pectin is commonly found in the skin of fruits as part of the cell wall structure, while starch is found in fruit seeds as food reserves. To be used as a natural coagulant, pectin or starch need to be extracted first. In particular, starch needs to be modified either physically or chemically. The coagulation mechanism of pectin and starch usually follows the interparticle bridging mechanism. The use of pectin and starch from fruit waste needs to be explored and further investigated, to substitute the use of chemical coagulants.Keywords: coagulation; fruit waste; natural coagulant; polysaccharidesA B S T R A KDewasa ini berbagai studi terkait pemanfaatan bahan alam sebagai koagulan alami telah banyak dieksplorasi. Berdasarkan sumbernya, koagulan alami dapat digolongkan berbasis hewani, nabati, maupun mikrobial, sementara berdasarkan bahan aktifnya dapat digolongkan sebagai protein, polifenol, dan polisakarida. Polisakarida merupakan bahan alam yang berlimpah dan seringkali dijumpai pada tumbuh-tumbuhan dan hewan. Pada kajian ini difokuskan pada polisakarida terutama yang berasal dari limbah buah-buahan yang tidak termanfaatkan, seperti biji dan kulit buah. Diketahui sekitar 25-30% dari total berat buah pada umumnya terbuang, padahal memiliki kandungan fitokimia dan berbagai bahan aktif yang dapat dimanfaatkan, salah satunya sebagai koagulan alami. Pada tinjauan ini akan difokuskan pada pemanfaatan pektin dan pati dari limbah buah-buahan sebagai koagulan alami untuk pengolahan air dan limbah cair. Secara umum pektin umum dijumpai pada bagian kulit buah-buahan sebagai bagian dari struktur dinding sel, sementara pati umum dijumpai pada biji buah-buahan sebagai cadangan makanan. Untuk dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai koagulan alami, pektin ataupun pati perlu diekstrak terlebih dahulu, dan pati secara khusus perlu dimodifikasi baik secara fisika maupun kimia. Secara umum mekanisme koagulasi oleh pektin dan pati mengikuti mekanisme interparticle bridging. Pemanfaatan pektin dan pati dari limbah buah-buahan perlu dieksplorasi dan diteliti lebih lanjut, agar dapat mensubstitusi penggunaan koagulan kimia secara komersial.Kata kunci: koagulasi; koagulan alami; limbah buah-buahan; polisakarida

The Utilization of Pectin as Natural Coagulant-Aid in Congo Red Dye Removal Felicia M K Haryanto; Andranyssa V M Rumondor; Hans Kristianto; Susiana Prasetyo; Asaf K Sugih
Journal of Multidisciplinary Applied Natural Science Vol. 4 No. 1 (2024): Journal of Multidisciplinary Applied Natural Science
Publisher : Pandawa Institute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47352/jmans.2774-3047.179

Coagulation using inorganic compounds such as aluminum sulfate is commonly used in water-wastewater treatment. However, there are some drawbacks to its utilization, such as a significant decrease in the treated water’s pH, non-biodegradable sludge, and a potential negative impact on human mental health (dementia and Alzheimer's). The use of inorganic coagulants can be minimized with the addition of natural-based coagulant-aid such as pectin. In this study, Congo red solution, a model dye substance, was coagulated by varying the pH (3–7) using alum coagulant to determine the best pH for coagulation. At the best pH, pectin was introduced at various doses (0–30 mg/L), and subsequently various dye concentrations (50–100 mg/L). The effect of pectin as coagulant-aid was compared with aluminum sulfate and pectin only; with a response of %removal and sludge volume. It was found that the Congo red dye coagulation had the best %removal at pH 6 indicating a charge neutralization mechanism. The addition of 15 mg/L pectin at an aluminum sulfate dose of 30 mg/L resulted in 97.7% dye removal with a sludge volume of 14 mL/L at a Congo red concentration of 50 mg/L. This value is higher compared to those of aluminum sulfate and pectin only which gave 75.6 and 3.19% removals, respectively. Furthermore, the addition of pectin as a natural coagulant-aid could halve the sludge volume due to the formation of denser flocs. The results show a promising potential of pectin as a natural coagulant-aid in water-wastewater treatment.

Manure Waste Management to Produce and Utilize Biogas Efficiently and Effectively in a Smart Eco-Social Village in Bandung Tan-Soetedjo, Jenny Novianti Muliarahayu; Ramadhany, Putri; Prasetyo, Susiana
Asia Pacific Journal of Management and Education (APJME) Vol 5, No 3 (2022): November 2022
Publisher : AIBPM Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.32535/apjme.v5i3.1907

The river is one of the primary sources of fresh water. It serves purposes for irrigation systems in agriculture, fulfilling domestic needs (water drinking, washing), transportation medium, energy production, and leisure. In West Bandung, the Cikapundung River becomes the source of life to sustain the population. More than 50% of the population upstream Cikapundung lives as agriculture and dairy farmers. Unfortunately, due to those activities, the river condition is considered unhealthy. Agriculture and dairy farmers discharge their wastes into the river instead of employing them for biogas, despite biogas's role in ensuring farming sustainability. Thus, Chemical Engineering Department and Student Society (HMPSTK) of Parahyangan Catholic University (UNPAR) constructed a system involving biodigester to produce biogas from agricultural waste (cow manure and organic waste) as a prototype solution for this issue. The community service program was divided into seven stages: a) Problem identification, b) Location survey and advocacy, c) Sample collection, d) Research, e) Construction of a biogas digester, f) Socialization with the local community, and g) Follow-up of the outcomes. In fact, a 5,000 Liter of fiberglass bio-digester was successfully installed in Cibodas Village, Maribaya, Lembang, with the help of PRIMARY (Program Biogas Rumah), a local biogas contractor. The mixture of livestock manures and organic waste of a 3:1 ratio produced the largest biogas volume. Biogas generated from biodigester was applied for cooking and lighting kerosene lamps. The result showed that no leakage was observed until 3-years of installation of the biodigester. However, it is suggested that a continuous and solid system involving multiple ways of manure processing such as the biogas and vermicompost production as well as the biogas utilization should be designed to encourage not only a eco-friendly solution but also to initiate a circular economy model in the community. Thus, it will be a sustainable solution not only for overcoming the largest issue of Cikapundung Rivers's organic waste disposal but also for the other agriculture and farming in Indonesia.

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