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ASSESSING GLOBAL CLIMATE VARIABILITY UNDER COLDEST AND WARMEST PERIODS AT DIFFERENT LATITUDINAL REGIONS Runtunuwu, Eleonora; Kondoh, Akihiko
Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science Vol 9, No 1 (2008): April 2008
Publisher : Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development - MOA

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Effect of climate change on water balance will play a key rolein the biosphere system. To study the global climate changeimpact on water balance during 95-year period (1901-1995),long-term grid climatic data including global mean monthlytemperature and precipitation at 0.5 x 0.5 degree resolutionwere analysed. The trend and variation of climate change, thetime series of monthly air temperature and precipitation datawere aggregated into annual arithmetic means for two extremeperiods (1901-1920 and 1990-1995). The potential evapotranspiration(Eo) was calculated using Thornthwaite method.The changes in mean annual value were obtained by subtractingthe maximum period data from 1990 to 1995 (Max) with theminimum period data from 1901 to 1920 (Min). The resultsrevealed that over 95-year period, mean global air temperatureincreased by 0.57oC. The temperature increase varied greatlyin Asia, with more than 3.0oC, especially at 45-70oN, as wellover the northern part of America (60-65oN) and Europe (55-75oN). In low latitude across Asia, Africa, and South America,the variation was less than 1.5oC. In 80-85ÂºN region, thevariation was relatively small and at higher latitudes it increasedsignificantly. Precipitation varied temporally and spatially. Inthe 40-45ÂºN and 40-45ÂºS regions, increasing precipitation ofmore than 100 mm occurred during the June-August andSeptember-November, especially in the northern hemisphere.The Eo increase of 2000 mm during 95 years occurred in thetropical northern America, middle Africa, and South-East Asia.A grid in Central Java of Indonesia showed that the Eo increaseof 2500 mm during 95 years resulted in the decrease of growingperiod by 100 days. In coping with climate change, adjustmentof cropping calendar is imperative.

DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONAL CLIMATE DATABASE SYSTEM FOR SUPPORTING AGRICULTURE RESEARCH RUNTUNUWU, ELEONORA
Jurnal Sumberdaya Lahan Vol 4, No 01 (2010): Juli 2010
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Agriculture Land Resource Development

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One of the most significant challenges for improving the agroclimate research is availability of integrated climate data. This paper reviewed several climate database systems development of national and international levels; such as those produced by Indonesian Meteorological ClimatologicalÂ and Geophysical Agency (BMKG), World Meteorological Organization (WMO), and New Zealand climatic database systems. Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development (IAARD) through Indonesian Agroclimate and Hydrology Research Institute (IAHRI) hasÂ developed a national climate database system (CDS), called as IAHRI CDS, as a basic part of agroclimatic researches. The system was integrated the numeric climate data and thematic spatial maps by applying Geographic Information System (GIS) and programming technologies. The data mainly comes from automated and manual climate stations of Ministry of Agriculture, BMKG and Irrigation service of each province. The development of IAHRI CDS is expected as a great resource for many potential applications on agriculture research in Indonesia. Keywords : Aagriculture, climate, database system, Indonesia

Utilizing National Cropping Calendar Atlas in Copping with Variability and Climate Change RUNTUNUWU, ELEONORA; SYAHBUDDIN, H.
Jurnal Sumberdaya Lahan Vol 5, No 01 (2011): Juli 2011
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Agriculture Land Resource Development

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Inappropriate cropping season and pattern resulted in the low production of seasonal food crops and the major cause of crop failure. A local wisdom called âPranatamangsaâ previously used to determine cropping time, now often miss due to climate anomaly. Crop growth is much affected by rainfall, solar radiation, and air temperature. The rainfall determines water availability and is essential requirement for crop growth. Planting time and cropping pattern until recently are adjusted to the climate variability and water availability to the crops. Therefore, the cropping calendar contained in this atlas is based on climate variability such as wet (El-Nino), normal, and dry (La-Nina) years. The atlas provides detailed description of planting time and crop rotation in each sub-district for each season in one year based on climate condition. The preparation of cropping calendar, both spatially and tabularly, provides information on cropping alternative for wet, normal or dry years. These alternatives were developed at 1:250 000 scale to be applied as reference in determining planting time and cropping pattern for each region and sub district. Hence, the risks of yield lost or crop failure can be avoided or minimized. Further, the policy and strategy of procurement and distribution of farm inputs particularly fertilizer and seed can be properly formulated. This cropping calendar was arranged through several steps: (1) climate data collection and farmerâs interview, (2) analysis of planting time and mapping, (3) field verification, and (4) refining the delineation of cropping pattern based on the sensitivity level. For a better planning of cropping time and pattern, this cropping calendar was arranged at the scale of 1:250.000 and attached with an information of cropping time and pattern at the sub-district level.

Agrometeorological Data and Rainfall Forecasting for Crop Simulation AMIEN, LE ISTIQLAL; RUNTUNUWU, ELEONORA
Jurnal Sumberdaya Lahan Vol 3, No 02 (2009): Desember 2009
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Agriculture Land Resource Development

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Agricultural production is one of the most weather sensitive human activities that depend on daily atmospheric conditions. This review attempts to describe the meteorological data for crop requirements, some techniques of climate prediction and its use for crop simulations. Despite the rapid progress achieved in forecasting technology lately, further works are necessary for the real application. The amount and distribution of the rainfall in the coming season is necessary for planning crop cultivation particularly when climate anomaly arises. In agriculture the efforts to bridge the gap, climate forecasting results are the main input in crop simulation, especially for water and agro-climate management and cropping calendar.

Institutional Innovation of Integrated Cropping Calendar Information System to Support Climate Change Adaptation for National Food Security Runtunuwu, Eleonora; syahbuddin, haris; Ramadhani, Fadhlullah; Setyorini, Diah; Sari, Kharmila; Apriyana, Yayan; Susanti, Erni; Haryono, Haryono
Pengembangan Inovasi Pertanian Vol 6, No 1 (2013): Maret 2013
Publisher : +622518321746

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Government of Indonesia has set the rice surplus target of 10 million tons in 2014. This program requires integrated and comprehensive efforts of all stakeholders in central and local levels. The policy was set forth in form of Permentan No. 45/2011 and then implemented by the Director General of Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development (IAARD) through a decree No. 178.1/Kpts/OT.160/I/7/2012 about For- mation of Integrated Cropping Calendar and Climate Change Task Force in each Assessment Institute for Agricultural Technology (AIAT) for whole Indonesia. Additionally, IAARD has developed an Integrated Cropping Calendar Information System as a reference for policy makers in planning food crop management. The information system contains the next planting season estimation at sub-district level, which includes the initial time of planting, disaster-prone areas (flood, drought, and pests/diseases), as well as technology recommendation (varieties, seed, and fertilizer). In order to make an operational standard for AIAT Task Force, the Technical Guideline of Integrated Cropping Calendar and Climate Change is imperative. This article contains the summary of the technical guideline for AIAT Task Force in support of Permentan No. 45/2011 and climate change adaptation for food security. An implication of implementation of the AIAT Task Force is an important part in improving the content of Integrated Cropping Calendar Information System that fits the needs of farmers and extension workers in the field in order to achieve the rice surplus target.Â Â Â

Upaya sektor Pertanian dalam Menghadapi Perubahan Iklim Surmaini, Elsa; Runtunuwu, Eleonora; Las, Irsal
Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian Vol 30, No 1 (2011): Maret 2011
Publisher : Pusat Perpustakaan dan Penyebaran Teknologi Pertanian

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/jp3.v30n1.2011.p1-7

Perubahan iklim (climate change) merupakan hal yang tidak dapat dihindari akibat pemanasan global (global warming) dan diyakini akan berdampak luas terhadap berbagai aspek kehidupan, termasuk sektor pertanian. Perubahan pola curah hujan, peningkatan frekuensi kejadian iklim ekstrem, serta kenaikan suhu udara dan permukaan air laut merupakan dampak serius dari perubahan iklim yang dihadapi Indonesia. Pertanian merupakan sektor yang mengalami dampak paling serius akibat perubahan iklim. Di tingkat global, sektor pertanian menyumbang sekitar 14% dari total emisi, sedangkan di tingkat nasional sumbangan emisi sebesar 12% (51,20 juta ton CO2e) dari total emisi sebesar 436,90 juta ton CO2e, bila emisi dari degradasi hutan, kebakaran gambut, dan dari drainase lahan gambut tidak diperhitungkan. Apabila emisi dari ketiga aktivitas tersebut diperhitungkan, kontribusi sektor pertanian hanya sekitar 8%. Walaupun sumbangan emisi dari sektor pertanian relatif kecil, dampak yang dirasakan sangat besar. Perubahan pola curah hujan dan kenaikan suhu udara menyebabkan produksi pertanian menurun secara signifikan. Kejadian iklim ekstrem berupa banjir dan kekeringan menyebabkan tanaman yang mengalami puso semakin luas. Peningkatan permukaan air laut menyebabkan penciutan lahan sawah di daerah pesisir dan kerusakan tanaman akibat salinitas. Dampak perubahan iklim yang demikian besar memerlukan upaya aktif untuk mengantisipasinya melalui strategi mitigasi dan adaptasi. Teknologi mitigasi bertujuan untuk mengurangi emisi gas rumah kaca (GRK) dari lahan pertanian melalui penggunaan varietas rendah emisi serta teknologi pengelolaan air dan lahan. Teknologi adaptasi yang dapat diterapkan meliputi penyesuaian waktu tanam, penggunaan varietas unggul tahan kekeringan, rendaman dan salinitas, serta pengembangan teknologi pengelolaan air.

SISTEM TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI KALENDER TANAM TERPADU Ramadhani, Fadhlullah; Runtunuwu, Eleonora; Syahbuddin, Haris
Informatika Pertanian Vol 22, No 2 (2013): DESEMBER, 2013
Publisher : Sekretariat Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian

Ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi hasil penelitian akan bermanfaat jika sesuai dengan kebutuhan pengguna dan disampaikan secara cepat dan tepat waktu. Salah satu pendekatan yang sering digunakan masa kini adalah pengembangan sistem teknologi informasi yang telah diaplikasikan di berbagai bidang. Makalah ini memaparkan pengemasan informasi kalender tanam tanaman padi dalam bentuk Sistem Teknologi Informasi Kalender Tanam Terpadu Berbasis Web. Pengembangan sistem dilaksanakan dalam bentuk desk study, yang terdiri atas lima tahap, yaitu 1) Inventarisasi data, 2) Penyusunan algoritme analisis, 3) Penyusunan desain sistem, 4) Pemrograman, dan 5) Pengujian dan operasi sistem teknologi informasi kalender tanam terpadu. Produk ini dapat diakses melalui http://katam.litbang.deptan.go.id/ dan menjadi pedoman bagi pengguna sebelum memasuki musim tanam ke depan. Informasi kalender tanam terpadu yang tersedia sampai tingkat kecamatan dan meliputi prediksi awal waktu tanam, estimasi luas tanam, potensi wilayah rawan banjir dan kekeringan, potensi serangan organisme pengganggu tanaman, rekomendasi varietas, serta rekomendasi dosis dan kebutuhan pupuk. Sistem teknologi informasi kalender tanam terpadu bersifat dinamis. Oleh karena itu, baik substansi maupun sistem perlu dievaluasi, diperbarui, dan diperbaiki melalui kegiatan verifikasi dan validasi. Hal ini perlu pemeliharaan (maintenance) terus menerus, agar kebutuhan pengguna mengenai waktu tanam, dan informasi rekomendasi teknologi dapat dipenuhi lebih akurat.

Goncangan Iklim Mengancam Ketahanan Pangan Nasional Amien, Istiqlal; Runtunuwu, Eleonora; Susanti, Erni; Surmaini, Elza
JURNAL PANGAN Vol 20, No 2 (2011): PANGAN
Publisher : Perum BULOG

Kebutuhan pangan meningkat pesat dengan bertambahnya penduduk dan perbaikan ekonomi. Penduduk juga telah lebih banyak menempati perkotaan yang sebagian besar di hilir sehingga mengurangi ketersediaan air bagi pertanian. Sementara produksi pangan yang telah terkendala oleh alih fungsi lahan pertanian yang dipercepat kebijakan transportasi dan tajamnya kompetisi penggunaan air yang diperparah oleh keragaman dan perubahan iklim. Peran Jawa sebagai pemasok utama beras nasional sudah semakin melemah, sehingga perlu dicari pusat pertumbuhan pangan baru. Mengantisipasi tantangan ini perlu dikaji dan dikembangkan potensi pangan tradisional yang kurang dimanfaatkan maupun yang telah terlupakan. Riset perlu terus dipacu untuk meningkatkan manfaat sumberdaya maritim yang lebih luas dari daratan untuk produksi pangan dan pengembangan varietas baru yang lebih efisien menggunakan air dan karbon. Teknologi pangan dari hulu ke hilir perlu cepat didiseminasikan dengan memanfaatkan teknologi informasi yang telah berkembang pesat untuk meningkatkan ketahanan pangan.Rapid rise of food requirement has been driven by not only increasing population but also improving welfare. More people now live in urban areas located mostly in the downstream areas that reduce the water supplies for agricultural production. Meanwhile, food production is already constrained by agricultural lands conversion, by inappropriate transportation policy and by tighter water competition that is exacerbated by climate anomaly and climate change. The decreasing role of Java as the national rice supplier requires the development of new food production centers in outer islands. To anticipate the challenge, traditional food crops which are either underutilized or neglected must be assessed and more developed. Researches on potential utilization of maritime resources, that are larger than the terrestrial ones for food production, can be developed to become more efficient by using water and carbon. Food technology, from the up-streams to downstreams, has to be rapidly disseminated by using more appropriately state-of-the-art information technology to enhance food security.

Tinjauan Waktu Tanam Tanaman Pangan Di Wilayah Timur Indonesia (Review of Food Crop Planting Time In Eastern Indonesia) Runtunuwu, Eleonora; Syahbuddin, Haris; Ramadhani, Fadhlullah; Apriyana, Yayan; Sari, Kharmila; Nugroho, Wahyu Tri
JURNAL PANGAN Vol 22, No 1 (2013): PANGAN
Publisher : Perum BULOG

Waktu awal tanam padi merupakan salah satu aspek pertanian yang menggambarkan waktu mulai menanam padi yang diduga bervariasi antar tempat. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengkaji variasi waktu tanam tanaman pangan di wilayah timur Indonesia. Awal waktu tanam tanaman pangan yang dilakukan petani pada Musim Tanam I (MH) ditentukan apabila 8 persen dari luas baku kecamatan yang bersangkutan telah ditanami, awal tanam Musim Tanam II (MK I) ditentukan pada saat 6 persen dari luas baku sawah telah ditanami. Analisis dilakukan dengan menggunakan data luas baku dan luas tanam bulanan untuk tanaman padi sawah, padi ladang, dan jagung. Data yang dikumpulkan adalah data per kecamatan untuk periode tahun 2000 sampai dengan tahun 2009 yang diperoleh dari Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS). Penelitian menunjukkan awal waktu tanam yang hampir sama untuk semua komoditas yaitu pada pertengahan sampai dengan akhir Oktober (Okt ll/lll) untuk MH. Untuk MK I, petani melakukan penanaman padi ladang dan jagung terlebih dahulu mulai akhir Januari sampai dengan awal Februari (Jan lll/Feb I)dan juga pertengahan sampai akhir Februari (Feb ll/lll) untuk padi sawah. Realisasi waktu tanam petani ini sangat ditentukan oleh awal musim hujan yang terjadi di wilayah timur Indonesia, sehingga hanya beberapa tempat yang bisa melakukan penanaman padi pada MK I, dan umumnya diganti dengan tanaman palawija. Apabila informasi awal waktu tanam ini dipetakan secara nasional, maka usaha pemenuhan kebutuhan tanaman pangan dapat difokuskan dengan memperhatikan tempat dan waktu kegiatan budidaya tanaman pangan.Planting time of food crop by farmers is expected to be varied among regions. The study aimed to examine the planting time variation of food crops in eastern Indonesia. Commencing planting time of planting season I (MH) is determined when 8 percent of the total food crop area have been planted, while commencing planting of planting season II (MK I) determined when 6 percent of the area have been planted. Analyses were performed using the food croparea and monthly planted area forirrigation paddy, rainfed paddy and maize. The collected data are distributed in each sub-district between 2000 and 2009 and obtained from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS). Research result showed commencing planting time forrainy season (MH) is almost similar forall food crops in the midto late of October(Oct II / III). For dry season (MK I), farmers plants rainfed paddy and maize crops in advance from late January to early February (Jan HI / Feb I) as wellas midto late February (Feb II / III) forirrigated paddy. Actual planting time is largely influenced bymonsoon in eastern Indonesia, therefore only a fewplaces that cultivate rice inMKI, butgenerally they plant secondarycrops. When the commence of planting time information is mapped nationally, efforts to fulfill the food crops requirement could be planned appropriately considering the local time of food crops cultivation.

Delinasi Kalender Tanam Tanaman Padi Sawah Untuk Antisipasi Anomali Iklim Mendukung Program Peningkatan Produksi Beras Nasional Runtunuwu, Eleonora; Syahbuddin, Haris; Tri Nugroho, Wahyu
JURNAL PANGAN Vol 20, No 4 (2011): PANGAN
Publisher : Perum BULOG

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33964/jp.v20i4.179

Perubahan iklim global yang berimbas terhadap pola hujan menjadi kendala bagiProgram Peningkatan Produksi Beras Nasional (P2BN). Salah satu implikasi dariperubahan iklim adalah pergeseran awal dan akhir musim tanam yang berdampak negatif terhadap pola tanam dan produktifitas tanaman. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menyusun atlas kalender tanam Pulau Sumatera dengan skala 1:250.000, yang dapat dijadikan sebagai panduan untuk menentukan potensi pola tanam dan waktu tanam pada tanaman semusim (terutama padi) sampai tingkat kecamatan berdasarkan potensi dan dinamika sumber daya iklim dan air. Atlas kalender tanam ini disusun melalui beberapa tahapan yaitu (i) pengumpulan data dan wawancara dengan petani; (ii) analisis waktu tanam; (iii) verifikasi lapang; dan (iv) penyusunan atlas. Selain memetakan kebiasaan waktu tanam yang diterapkan petani saat ini, atlas kalender tanam ini juga dilengkapi dengan kalender tanam berdasarkan tiga kondisi iklim, yaitu pada saat curah hujan tinggi (tahun basah), pada saat curah hujan rendah (tahun kering), dan pada saat curah hujan normal (tahun normal). Atlas kalender tanam dapat menjadi panduan bagi penyuluh pertanian maupun petani dalam menjalankan usahataninya secara berkelanjutan. Beberapa manfaat atlas kalender tanam adalah untuk menentukan waktu tanam tingkat kecamatan, menentukan rotasi tanaman berdasarkan potensi sumberdaya iklim dan air, mendukung perencanaan tanam tanaman pangan semusim, dan mengurangi dampak buruk pergeseran musim tanam terhadap kerugian petani. Global climate change causes change in the rainfall pattern and becomes a constraint to the national program on rice. The change implies both the shifting of the cropping time and the change in cropping pattern of annual crops that eventually decrease crop productivity. The aim of this research is to provide the cropping calendar map of Sumatera island at 1:250.000 scale that can be applied as reference in determining time of planting and cropping pattern for each sub district that suit to the dynamic of climate and water resources. This cropping calendar is arranged through several steps: (i) climate data collection and farmer’s interview; (ii) analysis of planting time; (iii) field verification; and (iv) mapping process by delineating of cropping pattern. This map is prepared for the farmer’s condition in different climate anomaly scenarios such as La-Nina, El-Nino, or normal. This cropping calendar map can be used as a reference for farmers and extension workers in planning a sustainable farming.Cropping calendar map serves several function, i.e. providing spatial and tabular cropping pattern for crop land at the sub-district level, determining cropping rotation in each sub district based on the existing climate and water resources, supporting the planning of cropping season and pattern, especially for seasonal food crops, and reducing the negative impact of climate anomaly and risk of farmer’s losses.

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