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EVALUATION OF FARMERS APPRECIATION IN REDUCING PESTICIDE BY ORGANIC FARMING PRACTICE ., Indraningsih; Sani, Yulvian; Widiastuti, Raphaella
Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science Vol 6, No 2 (2005): October 2005
Publisher : Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development - MOA

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Vegetables and dairy milk are important commodities in Pangalenganand Lembang, West Java. However, agrochemicals areused intensively and excessively in production system. Therefore,pesticide residues and contamination commonly occurredin agricultural products and environments. The study aimed toassess farmersâ attitudes on pesticide toxicity and reducingpesticide residues in animal and food crops products, andinvestigate the attitude changes of farmers on pesticide use. Itwas an on-farm research and farmers were directly involved inthe study. The attitude change was analyzed on questionnaireand interview base for over 99 respondents in Pangalengan andLembang between 2001 and 2003. Samples of soils, weeds,cabbages and milk were collected for pesticide residue analysis.Results showed that farmers did not aware on toxicity effectsof pesticides in both animal and human health. There wasmisinterpretation among the farmers where pesticides wereregarded as drugs rather than toxic compound to increaseproductivity. The organochlorines/OCs (lindane and heptachlor)were common pesticide contaminants found in soils of 7.9-11.4 ppb, but no organophospates (OPs) were detected. BothOCs and OPs were also detected in soils of Lembang at a rangeof 11.53-65.63 ppb and 0.6-2.6 ppb, respectively. There werepesticide residues detected in weeds collected from Pangalengan(8.93 ppb lindane, 2.05 ppb heptachlor, and 33.27 ppbchlorpyriphos methyl/CPM and Lembang (6.45 ppb lindane,2.65 ppb endosulfan, 6.85 ppb diazinon, and 0.5 ppb CPM).Only endosulfan with least residue level (0.1 ppb) was detectedin organic cabbages, whereas lindane was detected much higher(3.7 ppb) in non-organic cabbages. Pesticide residues were notdetected in milk of dairy cattle fed on by-products of organiccabbages, but lindane was still present in milk of dairy cattle fedon non-organic cabbages for 7 days subsequently. The presentstudy indicates that the organic farming practice may reducepesticide residues in animal and agricultural products. Farmersappreciated that pesticides may cause residual effects on theirproducts (95.2%) and affected public health and environment(92.9%). Therefore, they were willing to convert theiragricultural practices to organic farming (69.1%).

Mycotoxin: Its Effect on Animal Health and its Residues in Animal Products and its Control Widiastuti, Raphaella
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 16, No 3 (2006)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Mycotoxins are the toxic metabolites of certain fungi which is able to influence animal health . Five types of the most important mycotoxins are aflatox ns, ochratoksin A . zearalenone, trichotecenes and fumonisin . The effect of mycotoxin on animal health depends on the type and amount of the mycotoxins consumed . The occurrence of mycotoxin causes animal health problem and also leads to the arise of mycotoxin residues in food derived from animal products such as meat, eggs and milk which causes human health problem . Controlling the occurrence of mycotoxins in animal feed and food products through some treatments and prevention is important to avoid further negative effects of mycotoxins . Key words : Mycotoxins, animal health, residue, control

Residue of Aflatoxin and Its Metabolites on Various Animal Products and Its Prevention Widiastuti, Raphaella
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 24, No 4 (2014)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Aflatoxins especially aflatoxin B1 is mycotoxins that must be concerned. When consumed by livestock, it becomes aflatoxin M1 and other metabolites in animal products that harmful for public health. This paper provides information of aflatoxins residues and their metabolites in a variety of animal origin food (milk, meat and eggs) and the prevention of their occurrence. Aflatoxin residues were found in a variety of livestock and dairy products in various countries including Indonesia. Due to its stability in any processing or storage methods, preventing aflatoxins enter the food chain is essential. Implementing the regulatory limits for aflatoxins in feed and food should be made to avoid further effect on human health. Information and extensive monitoring of aflatoxins should be carried out not only in milk but also in many different types of animal products (buffalo, quail, sheep and goat), as the data in Indonesia is not yet available. Key words: Residue, aflatoxins, animal products, prevention

Residue analysis of sulfametazine in poultry product and its prevention Sani, Yulvian; Widiastuti, Raphaella
Indonesian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 13, No 3 (2008)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Sulfamethazine (SMZ) is a sulfonamide preparate widely used in feed to control and prevent diseases, and to promote growth. The use of sulfonamides may lead to residue formation, induce microbial resistance and suspected as a carcinogen. A serial study has been undertaken to investigate the withdrawal pattern of SMZ in meat and liver tissues in order to reduce residue of SMZ. A total of 80 day old chicken were divided into 4 groups consisting: (1) negative control without SMZ; (2) positive control dosing with SMZ for 35 days; (3) treatment-1 was dosed with SMZ for 28 days consecutively three times per week then ceased thereafter; and (4) treatment-2 was dosed with SMZ for 30 days consecutively three times per week then ceased thereafter. A field study revealed that some antimicrobials were detected in poultry meat samples, such as sulfamerazine (ï = 2.52 ppb or nd â 12.62 ppb) and sulfamethazine (ï = 0.02 ppb or nd â 0.09 ppb). An intragastric dosing of SMZ at 50 mg/kgBB did not affected body weight growth. Both positive control and treated groups showed haemorrhagic enteritis, nottling of capsular surface of liver and pale kidneys. Pathological changes were not found in negative control. Microscopically, pathological changes in liver, intestines and kidneys were found consistently in SMZ treatment. Withdrawal time of SMZ in broilers was between 5 to 10 days. Therefore to produce safe and healthy poultry products, sulfonamides treatment should be withdrawn 5 to 10 days prior to culling of birds and substitution of feed to unmedicated feed within this period is strongly recommended. Key Words: Residue, Sulfametazine, Poultry, Meat, Prevention

Enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin residues in broiler chicken post administration of enrofloxacin Widiastuti, Raphaella
Indonesian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 13, No 2 (2008)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

The presence of drug residue in animal product may threat human health such as increasingÂ resistance to Camplyobacter infection treatment due to the use of enrofloxacin. The objectives of this research was to study the concentration of enrofloxacin (EFX) and ciprofloxacin (CFX) residues distributed in breast, thigh and liver and to determine the elimination rate of such residues in chicken which recieved enrofloxacin orally at 50 mg/kg bw daily for 9 days consecutively started at 23rd day to 31st day of age. Samples of breast muscle, thigh and liver were collected from chicken at Â½ to 288 h after the drug administration. The concentration of EFX and CFX in samples were analyzed by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results showed that the highest residues concentration of EFX and CFX at Â½ hr post administration of EFX was: in liver (117.47 ng/g), breast (95.16 ng/gr) and thigh (71.40 ng/g), whereas the order of elimination rate was: thigh (120 hr), liver (168 hr) and breast (240 hr). The results also showed that concentration of CFX was higher than that of EFX. Key Words: Enrofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Residues, Broiler Chicken

Nitrofurans residue in broiler chicken meat which analysed by an HPLC Widiastuti, Raphaella
Indonesian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 17, No 4 (2012)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Furazolidone (FZD), furaltadone (FTD), nitrofurantoin (NFT) and nitrofurazone (NFZ) are veterinary drugs that belong to the nitrofurans (NFs) group and employed as feed additives for growth promotion and theurapetic treatment of gastrointestinal infections caused by Eschericia coli and Salmonella spp. The occurrence of NFs in animal products will end to cause health problem in human consumed such food. This research conducted to study the analysis of NF residues in chicken meat by a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and to study the occurrence of NFs residues in samples collected from traditional markets and supermarkets in Bandung, Bogor and Depok. The results of validation method on several parameters for each NF showed that the average of the relative standard deviation (RSD) from the precision study were 2.15 to 2.38%, the R2 values of the linearity study were 0.9964 to 0.9995; recoveries were 75.90 % to 91.50 % and the detection limits were 12.01 to 37.25 ng/g. The residual level of NFs for 42 field samples showed that 2 samples positive for NFZ (9.09 and 10.74 ng/g), 1 positive for NFT (10.46 ng/g), 4 positive for FTD (16.44 up to 27.21 ng/g) and none positive for FZD. Present results showed that analysis of NFs in broiler chicken meat can be done using an HPLC and the analysis results from field samples showed that these types of drugs were being used for broiler chicken production both as single and/or combination drugs, therefore it is necessary to raise public awareness to monitor the use of NF in livestock production in Indonesia. Kata Kunci: Detection, Residue, Nitrofurans, Chicken Meat, HPLC

Antimicrobial and antioxidative activities of peptides from goat milk hydrolyzed with protease Kusumaningtyas, Eni; Widiastuti, Raphaella; Kusumaningrum, H. D.; Suhartono, M. T.
Indonesian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 20, No 3 (2015): SEPTEMBER 2015
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Milk is highly nutritious food containing protein as a good source of bioactive peptide that beneficial for health. This research was aimed to explore potency of bioactive peptide derived from goat milk as an antimicrobial and antioxidant. Milk was hydrolyzed by trypsin, chymotrypsin, pepsin, or protease Bacillus sp. E.13. The peptides obtained were screened for antimicrobial activities through incubation with Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella thyphimurium and Escherichia coli at 106 CFU/mL at 37Â°C for two hours and plated on Mueller Hinton agar. Antimicrobial activities were determined by comparing the total bacterial colonies to that of bacterial control without peptides addition. Oxidative activity was determined by 2.2â-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) and 2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays. Antimicrobial activities were shown in peptides produced from hydrolysis of goat milk protein by pepsin at 37Â°C, pH 2 for 90 min and by Bacillus sp. E.13 protease at 55Â°C, pH 11 for 30 and 60 min but the activities were not detected in peptides from hydrolysis by trypsin and chymotrypsin. Peptide from protein hydrolysis by Bacillus sp. E.13 protease could inhibit Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella thyphimurium and Escherichia coli up to 5 log cycles. The antimicrobial peptides could scavenge ABTS radical up to 86 % and DPPH radical up to 9 % at 68 Î¼g protein/mL. Results indicated that goat milk protein hydrolyzed by Bacillus sp. E.13 protease is potential as antimicrobes and antioxidant. Key Words: Goat Milk, Peptide, Antimicrobe, Antioxidant

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