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HERMENEUTIKA PAUL RICOEUR DAN PENERAPANNYA PADA PEMAKNAAN SIMBOL DALAM ROMAN âRAFILUSâ KARYA BUDI DARMA ., Indraningsih
Jurnal Filsafat "WISDOM" Vol 21, No 2 (2011)
Publisher : Fakultas Filsafat, Universitas Gadjah Mada Yogyakarta

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Hermeneutics requires a creative interpretation. Let a symbol are interpreted as a riddle (enigma), but with such beginning, the symbol show a meaning, giving its shape in a systematic and autonomous thinking. The thought which starts from the symbol contains two things: reflection and speculation. Reflection isÂ demythologization, namely reduction of the myth becomes an allegory (allegory). Reflective thought is in disagreement with speculative thought which wants to save the symbol and consider the preferment.The work of Budi Darma, Rafilus romance, can beÂ understood by the evil symbols of Ricoeur. An understanding of meaning by using such crime symbols will generate a reflective and speculative thinking. According to Ricoeur, there are three symbols of crime which are symbolically expressed through language; those are defilement, sin and guilt.Keywords: hermeneutics, symbolic, creative interpretation

EVALUATION OF FARMERS APPRECIATION IN REDUCING PESTICIDE BY ORGANIC FARMING PRACTICE ., Indraningsih; Sani, Yulvian; Widiastuti, Raphaella
Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science Vol 6, No 2 (2005): October 2005
Publisher : Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development - MOA

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Vegetables and dairy milk are important commodities in Pangalenganand Lembang, West Java. However, agrochemicals areused intensively and excessively in production system. Therefore,pesticide residues and contamination commonly occurredin agricultural products and environments. The study aimed toassess farmersâ attitudes on pesticide toxicity and reducingpesticide residues in animal and food crops products, andinvestigate the attitude changes of farmers on pesticide use. Itwas an on-farm research and farmers were directly involved inthe study. The attitude change was analyzed on questionnaireand interview base for over 99 respondents in Pangalengan andLembang between 2001 and 2003. Samples of soils, weeds,cabbages and milk were collected for pesticide residue analysis.Results showed that farmers did not aware on toxicity effectsof pesticides in both animal and human health. There wasmisinterpretation among the farmers where pesticides wereregarded as drugs rather than toxic compound to increaseproductivity. The organochlorines/OCs (lindane and heptachlor)were common pesticide contaminants found in soils of 7.9-11.4 ppb, but no organophospates (OPs) were detected. BothOCs and OPs were also detected in soils of Lembang at a rangeof 11.53-65.63 ppb and 0.6-2.6 ppb, respectively. There werepesticide residues detected in weeds collected from Pangalengan(8.93 ppb lindane, 2.05 ppb heptachlor, and 33.27 ppbchlorpyriphos methyl/CPM and Lembang (6.45 ppb lindane,2.65 ppb endosulfan, 6.85 ppb diazinon, and 0.5 ppb CPM).Only endosulfan with least residue level (0.1 ppb) was detectedin organic cabbages, whereas lindane was detected much higher(3.7 ppb) in non-organic cabbages. Pesticide residues were notdetected in milk of dairy cattle fed on by-products of organiccabbages, but lindane was still present in milk of dairy cattle fedon non-organic cabbages for 7 days subsequently. The presentstudy indicates that the organic farming practice may reducepesticide residues in animal and agricultural products. Farmersappreciated that pesticides may cause residual effects on theirproducts (95.2%) and affected public health and environment(92.9%). Therefore, they were willing to convert theiragricultural practices to organic farming (69.1%).

Food Safety for Animal Products: The Need in The International Free Trade Bahri, Sjamsul; ., Indraningsih; Widiastuti, R; Murdiati, T B; Maryam, R
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 12, No 2 (2002)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Issues of food safety, includes the food safety for the animal products grows to inhibit the incoming of low quality imported animal product which is unsafe for human being. Therefore several countries enhance to produce high quality of animal product and safe to be consumed. This paper reviews several factors that distribute to the quality and food safety in every single chain of the preparation of animal products. In pre-production step, many factors involve to the quality and safety because several contaminants and diseases can be happened in this step. Several data of diseases and contaminants which causes the negative impacts on economic, political and health will be provided in this paper. An effort to produce high quality and safe animal products can be done by implementing the HACCP in every step of preparation of it (GAP, GHP, GMP, GDP, and GRP). To assure the distribution of high quality and halal of imported animal products in Indonesia, it is necessary to give more strict regulation which is supported by infrastructure, facilities, human resources development and law enforcement. Â Key words: Food safety, animal products, international free trade, HACCP

Pesticide Residues in Animal Products: Problems and its Alternative Prevention ., Indraningsih; Sani, Yulvian
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 14, No 1 (2004)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Pesticides as agrochemicals are used to control plant diseases, however the use of pesticides may cause poisoning for human health and non-target animals, residual formation in animals and crops, and environmental contamination (soils and water). The impacts of pesticide are generally due to excessively or inappropriate use of pesticides. The surveillance on pesticide residues and/or contamination in animal products, crops and environment conducted in West Java and Lampung shows that some pesticide residues were detected in milk from West Java (Bogor and Pangalengan) including lindane, heptachlor, diazinon and endosulfan. In general, the pesticide residues in milk ofBogor were below the maximum residue limits (MRL), but two pesticide residues in milk of Pangalengan: diazinon (239 ppb) and heptachlor (60,3 ppb) appeared to be sufficiently high for human consumption. Some pesticide residues were also detected in meat, liver and fat of cattle in Bogor and Lampung. Both organochlorine and organophosphate residues were detected in samples of Bogor including: lindane (not detected/nd-135,5 ppb) and diazinon (nd-754,4 ppb) in meat; lindane (nd-16,7 ppb), diazinon (nd-969 ppb) and endosulfan (nd-191,8 ppb) in liver; and diazinon (nd-908,1 ppb) in fat. The residue level of diazinon detected in meat, liver and fat appeared to be higher than the MRL level. On the other hand, there was only organochlorine being detected in meat of Lampung. Regarding to pesticide residues being detected in soils, the source of contamination was then suspected from the contaminated soils where fodders being grown (grass, cabbages and corn). By-products of cabbage and corn are commonly used as animal feed for dairy and beef cattle respectively. The organic fanning system can be used as an alternative to minimise agricultural land contamination and pesticide residues in agricultural products. The low pesticide residues in agricultural by-products were able to reduce pesticide residues in animal products (meat and milk). The possibility of pesticide contamination should be taken into account in using agricultural by-products for animal feed to prevent pesticide residual effects in animal products. Key words: Residue, pesticides, minimalization, animal, organic

Review on Sources and Handling Method of Pesticide Residues in Animal Products ., Indraningsih
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 16, No 2 (2006)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Field studies and literature search showed that some pesticide residues either organochlorines (OC) or organophosphates (OP) were detected in animal products (meat and milk) . Pesticide residues in meat collected from West Java were detected at the level of 0 .8 ppb lindane and 62 ppb diazinon . While in meat from Lampung was detected at the level of 7 ppb lindane . 2 .7 heptachlor, 0 .8 endosulfan and 0 .5 ppb aldrin . Furthermore, pesticide residues were also detected in the milk collected from West, Central and East Java . The levels of lindane were 2,3 ; 15,9 ; 0,2 ppb ; heptachlor 8 ; 0 .4 and 0,05 ppb; diazinon 8 ; 0 and 1,8 ppb; CPM 0,4 ; 0,8 and 0 ppb ; endosulfan 0,1 ; 0,04 and 0,05 ppb for West, Central and East Java, respectively . The source of pesticide contamination in animal products is generally originated from feed materials, fodders . contaminated soils and water around the farm areas . Minimalization approach of pesticide residues in animal products could be conducted integratedly, such as through chemical process, biodegradation using microorganisms . Organic farming system is recognised as an alternative that may be applied to minimise contamination on agricultural land, eventually reducing pesticide residues in the agricultural products . Feeding with organic agricultural by-products with low pesticide residues appears to reduce pesticide residues in animal products . In order to eliminate pesticide contamination in soil, it has to be conducted progressively by implementing sustainable organic farming . Key words : Pesticide residues, meat, milk

Factors Affecting Food Safety of Animal Origin in Indonesia Bahri, Sjamsul; Sani, Yulvian; ., Indraningsih
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 16, No 1 (2006)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Based on the Indonesian Regulation Number 7 year 1996, food is defined as everything derived from biological sources and water, either processed and non-processed materials to be used as food and drinks, including food additives, food raw materials and other materials for preparation process, processing and production of food or drinks . Furthermore, food safety is a condition and an approach required to prevent the food from contamination of pathogenic microbes, toxic compounds and other xenobiotics that may affect and hazardous to human health . Food safety is basically a complexity and close related to policy . toxicity, microbiology, chemicals, nutrition status, health and public welfare . On the other hand, food safety problem is a dynamic process following the changing of public society including socioculture, health, development of science and technology as well as everything related to human life . In general, there are three main stages of process as the critical point in food safety of animal origin, namely : (1) preharvest ; (2) production ; and (3) postharvest . The main factors of these stages are discussed in this paper . Â Key words : Food safety, livestock, preharvest, harvest, post harvest

The Use and Effect of Carbamate Insecticide on Animal Health and Products ., Indraningsih
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 18, No 2 (2008)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

The use of carbamate in Indonesia is relatively new, in particular after prohibition on the use of most organochlorines (OC). Carbamates that commonly Â used for agricultural activities are carbofuran (Furadan), aldicarb (Temik) and carbaryl (Sevin). When properly used, they will provide benefit, but misuse of insecticides would affect productivity, poisoning, public health problems, environmental contamination and residues in foods. A monitoring result of carbamate used in Java indicates that carbofurans were detected in soils (0,8 â 56,3 ppb); water (0,1 â 5,0 ppb); rice (nd â 5,0 ppb); soybeans (1,2 â 610 ppb); animal feed (12 â 102 ppb); beef (110 â 269 ppb); and sera of beef cattle (167 â 721 ppb). The residue level was above the maximum residue limits (MRL) released by Indonesian Standardization Agency (Badan Standardisasi Nasional) in some samples. The presence of carbofuran in foods should be taken into account since the carbofuran is regarded highly toxic for public and animal health. This paper describes the toxicity of carbamate, clinical signs of poisoning, residue in foods and environment, handling of poisoning and residue control. Â Key Words: Carbamate, toxicity, residue, food, environment

The residue of trenbolone from male Garut sheep which implanted by trenbolone acetate Widiastuti, R; ., Indraningsih; Murdiarti, T.B; Firmansyah, R
Indonesian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 6, No 3 (2001)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Trenbolone acetate (TBA) is a growth hormone promoter which is implanted into animal to increase the body weight. The implantation of TBA in animal may cause the occurrence of residues of TBA and its metabolite (17-Î²-trenbolone). The presence of the residue might threat to human health. The aim of this research work was to study the presence of the residue of trenbolone in male Garut sheep which is implanted by TBA. The sheep were divided into 2 groups, those were D1 which were implanted by 40 mg TBA and D2 which were implanted by 60 mg TBA. One animal each from D1 and D2 were killed in the week 1, 2, 3 and 4 after implantation. And 24 hours before slaughtering the urine of D1 and D2 were collected using the metabolism cages. The samples for residue analysis were the organs such as liver, kidney, and the muscles around the implantation sites i.e inner and outer, upper front leg and upper back leg. The samples were extracted by organic solvents and analysed by HPLC. The residue of trenbolone occured in all samples of D1 and D2 which killed on 1 and 2 weeks after implantation. The residues occured on those which were killed 3 weeks after implantation were only in inner and outer samples. The residues in meat and organs were not detected in D1 nor D2 which were killed 4 weeks after implantation. The residue of trenbolone was also detected in the urine and still were detected in D1 and D2 which implanted by TBA for 4 weeks. Â Key words : trenbolone acetate, 17-Î²-trenbolone, residue, sheep

Organophosphate poisoning in Ongole cattle in Sukamandi Sani, Yulvian; ., Indraningsih
Indonesian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 10, No 3 (2005)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

An integrated farming system between rice and beef cattle was initiated in 2000 in Sukamandi, West Java. However, since 2002 some cattle were suffering from neurological and ophthamological signs, and some of them were found dead after consuming rice straws. Field studies showed that 6 out of 12 cattle were suffered from eye disorders such as blindness, corneal opacity and sereous lacrimation. Two of 6 cattle were severely affected. But, neurological signs were not found during field observation. Pesticide analysis in rice straws shows that both groups of pesticide, organochlorines (OP) and organophosphates (OP) were detected. Residues of OC were higher than OP as shown as 14.41 vs 2.84 ppm (before processing) for OC and 1.80 vs 0.0003 ppm (processed) for OP consisting aldrin, lindane, dieldrin, endosulfan and chlorpyrifos methyl. There was only OC detected in sera consisting lindane (0.6â37.6 ppb); heptachlor (0.03â4.4 ppb); and aldrin (0.8â20.4 ppb) with an average total of 21,4 ppb. The neurological and ophthalmological signs were suspected to be due to organophosphates (OPs) contaminated-rice straws and any other factors such as insufficient vitamin A, magnesium and calcium. Feed replacement with fresh grasses for two cattle reduced corneal changes. Similar symptoms were also reproduced in Wistar rats dosed intraperitoneally with chlorpyriphos methyl. Clinical signs included incoordination, cachexia, eye disorder and corneal opacity. Necropsy showed hepatic injury (hepatic necrosis, mottling of hepatic surface and pale); pale kidneys; swollen of spleen and hyperaemic brain. Microscopic changes were found in brain, liver and eyes. Hepatic changes included haemorrhages, centrolobular hepatic necrosis and focal coagulative necrosis. Brains were showing focal necrosis, haemorrhages, vacuolisation, neuronal necrosis, chromatolysis and nucleolysis. Eyes appeared to have necrosis of tunica muscularis, haemorrhages and eosinophilic infiltration. The study indicates that organophosphates contamination in rice straws as animal feed may lead chronic neurological and ophthalmological symptoms. Â Â Key Words: Contamination, Pathology, Organophosphates, Rice Straws, Cattle

Pesticide residues in brain tissues of dairy cattle in Lembang ., Indraningsih; Sani, Yulvian
Indonesian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 11, No 1 (2006)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

The use of pesticides to control plant diseases may cause residual formation in crops, its byproduct and environmental. Furthermore, the use of agriculture byproduct as animal feed may cause poisoning or residual formation in animal products. The purpose of this study is to investigate of pesticide residues in brain tissues of dairy cattle in relation to animal feed as a contamination source. Samples consisted of animal feeds (19 samples of fodder and 6 samples of feed), 31 samples of sera and 25 samples of brain tissues of dairy cattle collected from Lembang, West Java. Feeds and fodders were collected from dairy farms located in Lembang. Sera were directly collected from 31 heads of Frisien Holstein (FH) cattle from the same location, while brain tissues of FH cattle were collected from a local animal slaughtering house. Pesticide residues were analysed using gas chromatography (GC). Both residues of organochlorines and organophosphates were detected from brain tissues with average residue concentration OP was 22.7 ppb and OC was 5.1 ppb and a total residue was 27.8 ppb. The pesticide residues in brain tissues are new information that should be taken into consideration since the Indonesian consumed this tissues as an oval. Although pesticides residue concentration was low, pathological changes were noted microscopically from the brain tissues including extracellular vacuolisation, focal necrosis, haemorrhages, dilatation of basement membrane without cellular infiltration. Both pesticide residues were also detected in sera, where OP (9.0 ppb) was higher than OC (4.9 ppb). These pesticides were also detected in animal feeds consisting fodders and feeds. Residues of OP (12.0 ppb) were higher than OC (1.8 ppb) in feeds, but residues of OP (16.8 ppb) were lower than OC (18.7 ppb) in fodders. Although, pesticide residues in sera and brain tissues were below the maximum residue limits (MRL) of fat, the presence of pesticides in brain tissues should be taken into consideration as their effects in brain lesions. There was a correlation between contaminant found in animal feeds and pesticide residues in sera and brain tissues of dairy cattle. Key Words: Pesticides, Residues, Brain, Dairy Cattle

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