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The Role of Organic Matter in Improving Soil Physical Quality and Crop Production YATNO, EDI
Jurnal Sumberdaya Lahan Vol 5, No 01 (2011): Juli 2011
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Agriculture Land Resource Development

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The presence of organic matter in soils is very important to maintain and improve a better soil physical quality so that the soils are able to support plant growth and yields. Organic matter plays an important role in the process of aggregate formation from primary soil particles. This paper aims to review the role of organic matter in improving soil physical quality and crop yields. The results of some studies indicate that addition of organic matter such as farmyard manure, composted sugarcane bagasse residue, and mulch from crop residues in different types of soils may decrease soil bulk density, increase aggregate stability, total porosity, soil water content, and crop yields. Farmyard manure and composted sugarcane bagasse residue have a greater effect on improvement of soil physical quality and crops production compared to mulch from crop residues. The decrease in soil organic matter contents may cause the decrease in soil physical quality so that the soil capability to support plant growth and yield is also decreasing.

Characteristics of Spodosols, Limitation and Usage Potential SUHARTA, NATA; YATNO, EDI
Jurnal Sumberdaya Lahan Vol 3, No 01 (2009): Juli 2009
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Agriculture Land Resource Development

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Spodosols characterized by the presence of spodic and albic horizons, are problem soils due to low productivity, coarse texture and low nutrient status. This soil was generally covered by alang-alang or shrub and bush. The soils were generally distributed in cold climate or wet tropical areas with high rainfall. The objectives of this paper were to discuss the characteristics ofSpodosols in Kalimantan and Sumatra and the possibility of their utilization. In Indonesia, this soil is found in Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Sumatra, and Papua Islands. Parent materials of the soils were originated from quartz sand, sediment or acid sedimentary rocks (quartz sandstone) with low nutrients status. Physiographically, the soils were distributed in alluvial plain, colluvial, sand beach, sand dune, tectonic plain and sandstone plateau on elevation of 5 to >1,500 m asl, with flat to nearly undulating relieves. The soil physical properties were characterized by coarse texture and the presence of root limiting layer such as fragipan, duripan, or placic horizon (organo-metal complex) with various depth. The soil chemical properties were characterized by acid soil reaction, very low exchangeable bases, P and K nutrient, and mineral reserve. Cation exchange capacity of the soils depends on their soil organic matter content. Based on the soil characteristics, most Spodosols were not suitable for agricultural land development. Therefore the Spodosols usages should be directed not only for production increases but also for environmental healthiness and soilcare. The Spodosols land that have been opened needs to be optimally used in order to increase soil quality through appropriate soil and plant management. The new land cleared for agriculture and production forest needs carefully actions with localizing the Spodosols distribution in order to maintain the natural vegetations as conservation forest or recreation areas.

PROPERTIES AND MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS OF SOILS FORMED FROM VOLCANIC MATERIALS IN LEMBANG AREA, WEST JAVA Yatno, Edi; Zauyah, Siti
Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science Vol 9, No 2 (2008): October 2008
Publisher : Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development - MOA

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Soils formed from volcanic materials have a high potential for agricultural development, especially for horticultural crops, tea, and pine trees. Data on the characteristics of these soils are important for the management planning. Six representative soil profiles developed on andesitic volcanic ash and tuff in Lembang area, West Java were studied to determine the soil physical, chemical, and mineralogical properties, to study the relationship between the soil properties, and to classify the soils according to the Soil Taxonomy. The results indicated that all the soils had very deep (>150 cm) solum. In general, the volcanic ash soils were darker colored, more granular, more friable, less sticky and less plastic than the volcanic tuff soils. Physically, the ash soils had lower bulk density (0.44-0.73 mgm-3) and higher available water content (13-33%) than the tuff soils. Bulk density decreased with increasing allophane. Chemically, the ash soils had higher pHNaF (mostly > 10), higher organic carbon (4.3-6.8% in upper horizons), higher CEC (20- 44 cmolc kg-1), and higher P retention (> 85%) than the tuff soils. P retention logarithmically increased with increasing oxalate extractable Al and allophane. The sand fractions of the ash soils were dominated by hornblende, while the tuff soils were predominantly composed of opaque minerals. In the clay fractions, the ash soils were dominated by allophane, whereas the tuff soils showed high contents of gibbsite and metahalloysite. Soils developed on volcanic ash were classified as Thaptic Hapludands and Typic Melanudands, while soils formed from volcanic tuff were classified as Andic Dystrudepts. The low bulk density and friable consistency of the soils contributed to favorable soil tilth. However, high P retention and Al saturation in most soils are limiting factors for plant growth. Application of P fertilizers and liming coupled with efficient placement can be recommended to enhance P availability and reduce Al toxicity. Organic matter can be used to reduce Al toxicity. Soil conservation needs to be considered, especially in the steep slope areas.

ANDISOLS DERIVED FROM ACID PYROCLASTIC LIPARITE TUFF : THEIR PROPERTIES AND THEIR MANAGEMENT STRATEGY FOR AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT YATNO, EDI; SUHARTA, NATA
Jurnal Tanah dan Iklim (Indonesian Soil and Climate Journal) No 33 (2011): Juli 2011
Publisher : Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Sumberdaya Lahan Pertanian

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/jti.v0n33.2011.%p

The characterizations of Andisols from acid pyroclastic liparite tuff have been studied. Six soil profiles were made in the field, and 29 soil samples were taken for chemical, mineralogical and physical analyses in laboratory. Results indicate that sand mineral composition of Andisols was dominated by biotite, quartz, and sanidine, while the clay mineral was dominated by allophane. Soil bulk density is low (0.47-1.00 g cm-3), while total porosity is high (53-80%). Soil reaction is slightly acid (pH 5.5-6.0) to very acid (pH< 4.5), poor of nutrients, have a high to very high of P retention (>80%), high (>3%) to very high organic carbon (>5%) and high potential K (>41 mg 100g-1). The high value of organic carbon positively has relationship with N and soil cation exchange capacity, while the P retentionpositively has relationship with amorphous material in the form of Alo+0.5 Feo. Andisols investigated were classified as Medial, amorphic, isothermic, Acrudoxic Hapludands (UG 444 and MD 121 ), Medial, amorphic, shallow, isothermic, Duric Hapludands (KR 227), and Medial, amorphic, shallow, isothermic, Acrudoxic Hapludands (KR 190, AI 1045 and KR 1188). The characterization of Andisols is very useful in the soil management planning on Andisols land. Planting some vegetation that tolerant with soil acidity and soil conservation to protect organic matter from erosion hazard should be become priority. Maintain land cover of Andisols is a good way to protect Andisols from erosion process.

THE CHARACTERISTIC OF SOILS WITH ANDIC PROPERTIES DERIVED FROM ACID PYROCLASTIC MATERIALS IN TOBA HIGH LAND PRASETYO, BAMBANG HENDRO; SUHARTA, NATA; YATNO, EDI
Jurnal Tanah dan Iklim (Indonesian Soil and Climate Journal) No 29 (2009): Juli 2009
Publisher : Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Sumberdaya Lahan Pertanian

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/jti.v0n29.2009.%p

Soil with andic properties are generally found in Indonesian volcanic high land. To characterize the andic soils, six pedons derived from pyroclastic rock from Toba high land were studied. Properties of the andic soils from Toba high land were somewhat different from others andic soils in Indonesia. Results of chemical and mineralogical data interpretation showed that the andic soils from Toba were derived from acid pyroclastic rock. This indicate that andic soils in Indonesia not only derived fromintermediate to basic volcanic rock, but also from acid rock. The main problem of andic soils is in their high P retention. In the study area the P retention range between 34-95%, the soils are acid to very acid (pH 5.5-4.1), poor of nutrients, and some of them have very high Al saturation (>60%). Increasing exchangeable Al occur at pH 4 to 5, while the high Al saturation occur at concentration of exchangeable Al between 0.5 to 3cmolc kg-1. High value of P retention was caused by high content of amorphous materials, indicate by positive relationships between P retention and Al + ½Fe extracted by ammonium oxalate (R2 = 0,88). Clay mineral identification is needed to distinguis between amorphous and crystallin minerals that can be used as a basic of better soil management.

CHARACTERISTICS OF VOLCANIC ASH SOILS FROM SOUTHERN PART OF MT. TANGKUBAN PERAHU, WEST JAVA YATNO, EDI; ZAUYAH, S.
Jurnal Tanah dan Iklim (Indonesian Soil and Climate Journal) No 23 (2005): Desember 2005
Publisher : Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Sumberdaya Lahan Pertanian

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/jti.v0n23.2005.%p

Three soil pedons developed on young andesitic volcanic ash with high mineral deposit and high P retention, granular soil structure, high porosity, and low bulk density, were differentiated based on their morphological, physical, chemical and mineralogical characteristics. Pedons 1 and 3 are discontinue or bisequm pedons characterized by the presence of more contrast colour and new buried materials on layer 4, while pedon 2 isrelatively younger than pedons 1 and 3. Mineralogical composition of pedons 1 and 3 is very different compared with pedon 2. Pedons 1 and 3 have high total porosity resulting in easy to the soil leaching. Pedon 2 with higher bulk density tends to be more compact although its soil texture is light, indicating soil character of Andisols from this young volcanic material. High P retention and low base saturation may bring about high Pfertilizer need. Pedons 1 and 3 have lower feldspar content as K sources compared with pedon 2, while the content of opaque minerals is higher in pedons 1 and 3 indicating more developed pedons. The top layer of pedon 1 has lower opaque minerals but higher hornblende than pedon 3 due to different land use. The presence of alophane minerals in pedon 1 and 3 can be detected from the results of Selective Dissolution Analysis, but they do not detected on X-ray diffraction patterns. In pedon 2, however, alophane minerals show convex diffraction patterns. Based oncharacteristics of their soil physics, chemistry, and mineralogy, pedons 1 and 3 were classified as Thaptic Hapludands, and pedon 2 as Typic Melanudands. The increase of P availability on the three pedons can be done by P fertilization and liming to accelerate substitution of Al-P to Ca-P and increase of soil pH.

SOILS DEVELOPED ON SERPENTINITE IN PANYIPATAN DISTRICT, SOUTH KALIMANTAN : CHARACTERISTICS AND THEIR SUITABILITY FOR MAIZE YATNO, EDI; PRASETYO, BAMBANG HENDRO
Jurnal Tanah dan Iklim (Indonesian Soil and Climate Journal) No 32 (2010): Desember 2010
Publisher : Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Sumberdaya Lahan Pertanian

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/jti.v0n32.2010.%p

Four representative soil pedons formed from ultrabasic or serpentinite parent materials were studied in the field and laboratory in order to determine their soil characteristics and suitability for maize. Maize is one of the most important agricultural food crops in Indonesia. Up to now, the need of this crop for any other usages tends to increase. However, maizeproduction could not meet the demand. Therefore, extensification and intensification of the agricultural area for the crop cultivation need to be conducted. The results indicated that all the studied soils have deep solum, yellowish red to red colour, blocky structure, and friable to firm consistency. Particle-size distribution was dominated by clay fraction (73-88%). The soil bulk density and available water was relatively low (0.84-1.12 mg m-3 and 9-15%, respectively), while the total porosity was high (58-68%). Except pedon PN-35, some soils have acid reaction, medium C organic in the upper horizons, and low base saturation (<40%). The soil CEC and exchangeable Al were low (<12 and <1.3 cmolc kg-1, respectively). P retention of all the soils is high (60-87%). The soils were classified as Typic Hapludox, Anionic Acrudox, and Kandiudalfic Eutrudox. Most soils were moderately suitable (S2) for maize cultivation with nutrient retention (acidreaction, low CEC-clay and base saturation) and water availability (high wet months) as the main limiting factors. To increase soil productivity, application of agricultural lime, P fertilizers (rock phosphate) and organic matter were highly recommmended.

MINERALOGICAL, PHYSICAL, AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS FROM ANDESITIC VOLCANIC TUFF OF MT. BURANGRANG, WEST JAVA YATNO, EDI; ZAUYAH, S.
Jurnal Tanah dan Iklim (Indonesian Soil and Climate Journal) No 21 (2003): Desember 2003
Publisher : Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Sumberdaya Lahan Pertanian

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/jti.v0n21.2003.%p

Information of soils on andesitic volcanic tuff in Indonesia is still limited. Three soil pedons, formed in andesitic volcanic tuff situated in the intensively cultivated vegetable growing areas and secondary forest areas around the Mt. Burangrang, were studied to understand the physical, chemical and mineralogical properties of these soils. All pedons are located in the middle slope with elevation of about 1000 m above sea level (asl). Bulk and undisturbed soil samples of each horizon were analyzed in the laboratory. The results indicated that all the pedons have very deep solum (> 150 cm), granular to subangular blocky structuresand friable to very friable consistences. Mineralogy of the clay fraction of pedons 2 and 3 is dominated by metahalloysite, whereas large amounts of gibbsite are only present in pedon 1. Mineralogical composition of the sand fraction is predominantly composed of opaque minerals, while weatherable minerals such as hornblende, augite, hypersthene and plagioclase (andesine and labradorite) are present in various amounts. Soil bulk density values are generally less than 0.9 mg m-3. Soil reaction is acid to extremely acid, whereas soil pH NaF is of less than 9.4. Aluminum saturation is high in pedon 3 and upper horizons of pedon 1. Organic carbon contents are generally medium in the surface horizons and decrease with depth. Exchangeable bases are dominated by Ca and Mg in medium to very low amounts, cation exchange capacity is medium to high, and base saturation varies ranging from very low to medium. All the pedons studied do not meet the requirements of andic soil properties (P retention of less than 85%), and are classified as Andic Dystrudepts. Thelow bulk density may contribute to the more favourable soil tilth leading to easy tillage and root development. However, high soil acidity in most soils studied is a limiting factor for plant growth.

Identification and characterization of peat soils using a physiographic approach at semi-detailed scale: a case study in Bangka Belitung Islands Province, Indonesia Sukarman, Sukarman; Sulaeman, Yiyi; Yatno, Edi; Gani, Rachmat Abdul; Minasny, Budiman
SAINS TANAH - Journal of Soil Science and Agroclimatology Vol 21, No 2 (2024): December
Publisher : Universitas Sebelas Maret

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/stjssa.v21i2.87573

Understanding peatland coverage and characteristics is essential for improved utilization and conservation efforts. Peatlands in Bangka Belitung Islands, Sumatra, are under threat of illegal mining activities. Creating detailed maps is challenging in Indonesia amid low accessibility, yet the physiographic approach provides an alternative strategy in peatland map provision. This research aims to update peat data in the Bangka Belitung Islands Province, create peat soil maps at a scale of 1:50,000, and estimate peat soil carbon stocks. This research started with a base map using a 1:50,000 scale, surveyed and sampled the soil on transects perpendicular to the river, analyzed the samples in the laboratory, and created a peat soil map. Compared with the existing map, the new map improves land unit attributes and peat characteristics as well as improves delineation results. Results show that peat soils cover 24,311 hectares, mostly distributed in Central Bangka and South Bangka Regencies, with depths varying between 50 to < 300 cm. Shallow peats dominate with an area of 13,668 hectares (56.22%). The estimated carbon stock contained in peat is 11.6 million tons C. The peat soils are Organosol Saprik, Organosol Hemik, and Organosol Sulfidik. The soils are acidic with low exchangeable cations and base saturation. The study highlights that deep peat soils under bushes and shrubs should be conserved for forests or reforested. Detailed spatial information on peatlands is useful for policymakers related to local peat soils planning and management.

Andosols property dynamics under intensive tea cultivation in West Java: Implications for sustainable management Gani, Rachmat Abdul; Trisasongko, Bambang Hendro; Mulyanto, Budi; Sukarman, Sukarman; Yatno, Edi; Muslim, Rufaidah Qonita; Prayudi, Haikal Caesa; Wulanningtyas, Heppy Suci; Cahyana, Destika
SAINS TANAH - Journal of Soil Science and Agroclimatology Vol 23, No 1 (2026): June (in Progress)
Publisher : Universitas Sebelas Maret

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/stjssa.v23i1.108781

Despite its significant economic value, tea cultivation in Indonesia is experiencing a continuous decline in plantation area, primarily due to changes in land use. Soil fertility degradation and reduced yields present a significant threat to the long-term sustainability of tea production. A comprehensive understanding of the dynamic nature of tea plantation soil properties is essential for developing sustainable land management strategies aimed at enhancing and maintaining the productivity and sustainability of healthy tea cultivation. This study investigates the properties of Andosols formed from andesite tuff in a heavily managed tea plantation in Cisarua, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia. Four vertical soil profiles and ten composite soil samples were collected from depths of 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm across varying tea vigor and slope class gradients in block plantations. The ongoing production of tea on Andosols has led to significant chemical decline, evidenced by decreased organic matter, increased acidity, reduced cation exchange capacity, and compromised andic properties. The observed rise in base saturation primarily indicates a reduction in CEC, rather than an improvement in fertility. The observed patterns indicate progressive soil weathering and reduced resilience in monoculture systems. Restorative management, which encompasses the incorporation of organic matter and a balanced nutrient supply, is essential for maintaining soil functionality and securing long-term tea productivity. This article synthesizes key findings regarding soil properties, anthropogenic impacts, and strategies for sustainable management. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for optimizing good soil management practices and enhancing tea productivity in volcanic areas.

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