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AKSESIBILITAS JAMINAN KESEHATAN BAGI PEKERJA INFORMAL DI INDONESIA: ANALISIS KEBIJAKAN JAMINAN KESEHATAN NASIONAL BERDASARKAN PRINSIP HAK ASASI MANUSIA Hanafi Hanafi; Istiana Heriani
Al-Adl : Jurnal Hukum Vol 18, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Fakultas Hukum, Universitas Islam Kalimantan Muhammad Arsyad Al Banjari

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31602/al-adl.v18i1.20563

The right to health is a fundamental right guaranteed under Article 28H of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia and various international human rights instruments, which obligate the state to provide health services that are available, affordable, accessible, and of adequate quality. In pursuit of this obligation, the Indonesian government launched the National Health Insurance Program (Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional/JKN), administered by BPJS Kesehatan, as part of the mandate of the National Social Security System Law. The program aims to deliver comprehensive health protection to all citizens, including informal workers, who account for more than 59% of the total working population in Indonesia. However, from a normative perspective, JKN policies have not fully accommodated the characteristics and needs of informal workers. The existing legal framework remains general in nature and has yet to provide specific regulations that are adaptive to the conditions of workers with unstable incomes, high mobility, and limited access to information. This situation has implications for low participation rates, the potential discontinuity of membership during income fluctuations, and disparities in access to health services. These conditions indicate a misalignment between the principle of universality mandated by regulation and the realities on the ground, resulting in unequal protection between formal and informal workers, as well as between urban and rural populations. Through a normative legal approach employing statutory and conceptual analyses, this study finds that strategic measures are required, including more flexible JKN financing schemes, the expansion of Contribution Assistance Recipients (Penerima Bantuan Iuran/PBI), the integration of participant data, the strengthening of primary healthcare facilities in remote areas, and the involvement of informal workers in the policy formulation process. These measures are expected to enhance the protection of the right to health for informal workers in an inclusive, equitable, and sustainable manner.

Legal Protection Instruments and Fulfilment of Children's Rights as Victims of Domestic Violence Within National Regulations in Indonesia Hanafi Hanafi
International Journal of Law, Environment, and Natural Resources Vol. 4 No. 2 (2024): October Issue
Publisher : Scholar Center

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.51749/injurlens.v4i2.109

Violence against children is a significant social issue in Indonesia, with its incidence continually rising, signaling a concerning trend. The impacts of such violence are not limited to physical harm but also affect children’s psychological and social well-being, influencing their future development. To address this, it is crucial to strengthen efforts in protecting and fulfilling the rights of children who are victims of violence, particularly through legal frameworks. This research employs a normative legal method, focusing on library studies that analyze legal theories and applicable laws and regulations. The approach is based on a statutory method, complemented by a conceptual approach. The study’s findings indicate that the protection of children who are victims of domestic violence is governed by various national legal provisions. These provisions are primarily found in the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, with specific regulations in Law Number 23 of 2002 on Child Protection, later amended by Law Number 35 of 2014, and Law Number 17 of 2016, which enacts the Government Regulation in Lieu of Law Number 1 of 2016, amending Law Number 23 of 2002. This is further supported by Government Regulation Number 78 of 2021, which addresses Special Protection for Children. These legal instruments highlight the state's commitment to upholding human rights and ensuring the protection of children’s rights. However, to optimize their implementation, it is essential to strengthen related institutions and involve multiple stakeholders, including community support.

EKSISTENSI SANKSI PIDANA KEBIRI KIMIA DALAM KEBIJAKAN HUKUM NASIONAL DITINJAU PADA PERSPEKTIF HUKUM DAN HAK ASASI MANUSIA DI INDONESIA Hanafi Hanafi
Al-Adl : Jurnal Hukum Vol 16, No 2 (2024)
Publisher : Fakultas Hukum, Universitas Islam Kalimantan Muhammad Arsyad Al Banjari

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31602/al-adl.v16i2.15808

Dalam penelitian ini ada dua hal yang peneliti kemukakan didalam rumusan masalah yaitu pertama, bagaimana keberadaan sanksi pidana kebiri kimia sebagai pidana tambahan terhadap pelaku kekerasan seksual pada anak ditinjau dari perspektif tujuan pemidanaan dalam kebijakan hukum nasional. Kedua, bagaimana kedudukan sanksi pidana kebiri kimia dalam kebijakan hukum nasional ditinjau dari perspektif hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum normatif, yaitu penelitian kepustakaan dengan menggunakan 3 (tiga) bahan hukum yaitu bahan hukum primer, sekunder dan tersier yang memiliki relevansi dengan permasalahan yang akan dibahas. Pendekatan penelitian yang digunakan adalah pendekatan peraturan perundang-undangan yang dielaborasi dengan pendekan konseptual. Hasil analisis dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa keberadaan sanksi pidana kebiri kimia sebagai pidana tambahan terhadap pelaku kekerasan seksual pada anak ditinjau dari perspektif tujuan pemidanaan adalah bertujuan memberikan efek jera dan dianggap sebagai bentuk langkah yang optimal dan komprehensif dengan tidak hanya memberikan pemberatan sanksi pidana tetap juga menerapkan bentuk pencegahan (preventif) terhadap terjadinya kekerasan seksual. Kemudian kedudukan sanksi pidana kebiri kimia dalam kebijakan hukum nasional adalah sebagai pidana tambahan bagi pelaku pelecehan seksual pada anak berdasarkan perspektif hukum pidana merupakan pengembangan langkah pemidanaan dan pola pencegahan terhadap para pelanggar hukum yang diharapkan berkembang secara efektif guna mencegah dan menimbulkan efek jera (deterrent effect). Meskipun demikian dalam perspektif Hak Asasi Manusia hadirnya sanksi kebiri dianggap sebagai bentuk perlakukan penyiksaan, perbuatan kejam dan tidak manusiawi. Kebijakan hukum baru dalam pidana kebiri kimia ini idealnya harus mempertimbangkan faktor-faktor nilai atau pendekatan yang berorientasi pada nilai dan norma di masyarakat.

The Dialectics of Freedom of Expression and Legal Restrictions on Digital Platforms: An Analysis of Human Rights Principles, the Electronic Information and Transactions Law, and Constitutional Court Decision Number 105/PUU-XXII/2024 Hanafi Hanafi
International Journal of Law, Environment, and Natural Resources Vol. 5 No. 1 (2025): April Issue
Publisher : Scholar Center

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.51749/injurlens.v5i1.132

The right to freedom of expression is a fundamental aspect of human rights, guaranteed by both the Indonesian Constitution and international human rights instruments. However, this freedom is not absolute and may be subject to restrictions through regulatory frameworks such as the Electronic Information and Transactions (ITE) Law. In practice, the application of the ITE Law has sparked controversy due to the vague and overly broad language of several provisions, leading to multiple interpretations and granting excessive discretionary power to law enforcement authorities and certain parties in controlling the dissemination of electronic information. This situation has resulted in numerous cases of criminalization, raising serious concerns about the shrinking democratic space in Indonesia. This study aims to examine the legal implications of Constitutional Court Decision Number 105/PUU-XXII/2024 in relation to freedom of expression and its limitation under the ITE Law. Employing a doctrinal legal research method with a conceptual and statutory approach, the study analyzes primary legal materials and human rights theories as its analytical framework. The findings indicate that the Court’s decision constitutes a critical corrective measure by limiting the subject of defamation offenses under the ITE Law solely to individuals. This interpretation strengthens the principle of lex certa (legal certainty), curtails arbitrary interpretation in law enforcement, and reinforces the protection of freedom of expression in the digital space. Moreover, it reflects a balanced approach between safeguarding individual rights and upholding the public interest in a democratic society.

The Protection of Ecological Rights of Peatland Communities in Indonesia’s National Legal Policy: A Legal and Human Rights Perspective Analysis Hanafi Hanafi; Adwin Tista; Muhammad Ghazali Rahman; Noor Azizah
International Journal of Law, Environment, and Natural Resources Vol. 5 No. 2 (2025): October Issue
Publisher : Scholar Center

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.51749/injurlens.v5i2.139

The peatland ecosystem in Indonesia, covering an area of 33.4 million hectares, plays a strategic role as a carbon sink, a water regulator, a habitat for biodiversity, and a foundation of community livelihood in economic, social, and cultural dimensions. However, its sustainability is increasingly threatened by land conversion, natural resource exploitation, and infrastructure development that neglects ecological principles. Weak governance, development policies prioritizing investment, and limited community participation have resulted in environmental degradation, agrarian conflicts, and the erosion of local communities’ ecological rights. Constitutionally, the right to a good and healthy environment is guaranteed under Article 28H paragraph (1) and Article 33 paragraph (3) of the 1945 Constitution, as well as Law No. 32 of 2009 on Environmental Protection and Management. This recognition is further reinforced by international instruments such as the 1972 Stockholm Declaration, the 1992 Rio Declaration, the 2015 Paris Agreement, and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which affirm environmental rights as part of third-generation human rights. Nevertheless, the implementation of ecological rights protection continues to face challenges, including weak law enforcement, limited access to justice, and the dominance of economic paradigms. This study examines the protection of ecological rights of peatland communities within Indonesia’s national legal policy through a human rights perspective, while also analyzing its harmonization with international law. The study is expected to contribute to strengthening regulation, advancing conservation strategies, and formulating policies grounded in ecological justice and human rights.

The Dialectics of Freedom of Expression and Legal Restrictions on Digital Platforms: An Analysis of Human Rights Principles, the Electronic Information and Transactions Law, and Constitutional Court Decision Number 105/PUU-XXII/2024 Hanafi Hanafi
International Journal of Law, Environment, and Natural Resources Vol. 5 No. 1 (2025): April Issue
Publisher : Scholar Center

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.51749/injurlens.v5i1.132

The right to freedom of expression is a fundamental aspect of human rights, guaranteed by both the Indonesian Constitution and international human rights instruments. However, this freedom is not absolute and may be subject to restrictions through regulatory frameworks such as the Electronic Information and Transactions (ITE) Law. In practice, the application of the ITE Law has sparked controversy due to the vague and overly broad language of several provisions, leading to multiple interpretations and granting excessive discretionary power to law enforcement authorities and certain parties in controlling the dissemination of electronic information. This situation has resulted in numerous cases of criminalization, raising serious concerns about the shrinking democratic space in Indonesia. This study aims to examine the legal implications of Constitutional Court Decision Number 105/PUU-XXII/2024 in relation to freedom of expression and its limitation under the ITE Law. Employing a doctrinal legal research method with a conceptual and statutory approach, the study analyzes primary legal materials and human rights theories as its analytical framework. The findings indicate that the Court’s decision constitutes a critical corrective measure by limiting the subject of defamation offenses under the ITE Law solely to individuals. This interpretation strengthens the principle of lex certa (legal certainty), curtails arbitrary interpretation in law enforcement, and reinforces the protection of freedom of expression in the digital space. Moreover, it reflects a balanced approach between safeguarding individual rights and upholding the public interest in a democratic society.

The Protection of Ecological Rights of Peatland Communities in Indonesia’s National Legal Policy: A Legal and Human Rights Perspective Analysis Hanafi Hanafi; Adwin Tista; Muhammad Ghazali Rahman; Noor Azizah
International Journal of Law, Environment, and Natural Resources Vol. 5 No. 2 (2025): October Issue
Publisher : Scholar Center

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.51749/injurlens.v5i2.139

The peatland ecosystem in Indonesia, covering an area of 33.4 million hectares, plays a strategic role as a carbon sink, a water regulator, a habitat for biodiversity, and a foundation of community livelihood in economic, social, and cultural dimensions. However, its sustainability is increasingly threatened by land conversion, natural resource exploitation, and infrastructure development that neglects ecological principles. Weak governance, development policies prioritizing investment, and limited community participation have resulted in environmental degradation, agrarian conflicts, and the erosion of local communities’ ecological rights. Constitutionally, the right to a good and healthy environment is guaranteed under Article 28H paragraph (1) and Article 33 paragraph (3) of the 1945 Constitution, as well as Law No. 32 of 2009 on Environmental Protection and Management. This recognition is further reinforced by international instruments such as the 1972 Stockholm Declaration, the 1992 Rio Declaration, the 2015 Paris Agreement, and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which affirm environmental rights as part of third-generation human rights. Nevertheless, the implementation of ecological rights protection continues to face challenges, including weak law enforcement, limited access to justice, and the dominance of economic paradigms. This study examines the protection of ecological rights of peatland communities within Indonesia’s national legal policy through a human rights perspective, while also analyzing its harmonization with international law. The study is expected to contribute to strengthening regulation, advancing conservation strategies, and formulating policies grounded in ecological justice and human rights.

AKSESIBILITAS JAMINAN KESEHATAN BAGI PEKERJA INFORMAL DI INDONESIA: ANALISIS KEBIJAKAN JAMINAN KESEHATAN NASIONAL BERDASARKAN PRINSIP HAK ASASI MANUSIA Hanafi Hanafi; Istiana Heriani
Al-Adl : Jurnal Hukum Vol 18 No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Fakultas Hukum, Universitas Islam Kalimantan Muhammad Arsyad Al Banjari

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31602/al-adl.v18i1.20563

The right to health is a fundamental right guaranteed under Article 28H of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia and various international human rights instruments, which obligate the state to provide health services that are available, affordable, accessible, and of adequate quality. In pursuit of this obligation, the Indonesian government launched the National Health Insurance Program (Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional/JKN), administered by BPJS Kesehatan, as part of the mandate of the National Social Security System Law. The program aims to deliver comprehensive health protection to all citizens, including informal workers, who account for more than 59% of the total working population in Indonesia. However, from a normative perspective, JKN policies have not fully accommodated the characteristics and needs of informal workers. The existing legal framework remains general in nature and has yet to provide specific regulations that are adaptive to the conditions of workers with unstable incomes, high mobility, and limited access to information. This situation has implications for low participation rates, the potential discontinuity of membership during income fluctuations, and disparities in access to health services. These conditions indicate a misalignment between the principle of universality mandated by regulation and the realities on the ground, resulting in unequal protection between formal and informal workers, as well as between urban and rural populations. Through a normative legal approach employing statutory and conceptual analyses, this study finds that strategic measures are required, including more flexible JKN financing schemes, the expansion of Contribution Assistance Recipients (Penerima Bantuan Iuran/PBI), the integration of participant data, the strengthening of primary healthcare facilities in remote areas, and the involvement of informal workers in the policy formulation process. These measures are expected to enhance the protection of the right to health for informal workers in an inclusive, equitable, and sustainable manner.

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