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All Journal Rekayasa Mesin Jurnal Riset Industri Majalah Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik
Ihda Novia Indrajati, Ihda Novia
Center for Leather, Rubber, and Plastic, Jl. Sokonandi No. 9 Yogyakarta
Engineering Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering Mechanical Engineering

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KUALITAS KOMPOSIT SERBUK SABUT KELAPA DENGAN MATRIK SAMPAH STYROFOAM PADA BERBAGAI JENIS COMPATIBILIZER Nurhajati, Dwi Wahini; Indrajati, Ihda Novia
Jurnal Riset Industri Vol 5, No 2 (2011): Penelitian Untuk Meningkatkan Daya Saing Industri
Publisher : Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Industri

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (676.266 KB)

Abstract

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari pengaruh jenis compatibilizer terhadap kualitas komposit serbuk sabut kelapa dengan matrik sampah styrofoam. Compatibilizer yang digunakan adalah maleat anhidrida, asam stearat dan asam akrilat. Komposit dibuat menggunakan mesin Laboplastomill.  Komposit yang dihasilkan dilakukan pengujian terhadap kondisi morfologi komposit, karakterisasi  gugus fungsi, dan sifat fisis. Hasil uji morfologi komposit dengan scanning electron microscopy (SEM) menunjukkan telah terbentuk campuran yang homogen antara  serbuk  sabut  kelapa  dan  sampah  styrofoam,  dan  hasil  terbaik  ditunjukkan  oleh  komposit  dengan compatibilizer maleat anhidrida. Karakterisasi gugus fungsi melalui FTIR menunjukkan munculnya puncak barupada transmitansi 1728 cm-1  yang dibentuk dari reaksi esterifikasi dari gugus OH dalam serbuk sabut kelapa. Komposit  dengan  compatibilizer  maleat  anhidrid  menunjukkan  sifat  fisis  terbaik  yaitu  berat  jenis1,2  g/cm3, kekerasan 88 Shore D, kuat tarik  97,27 kg/cm2, perpanjangan putus 6,37%, stabilitas dimensi untuk panjang0,08%, dan lebar 0,1%.Kata kunci: Komposit, serbuk sabut kelapa, sampah styrofoam, jenis compatibilizer 
Pengaruh variasi rasio HAF/SRF terhadap sifat vulkanisat NBR Indrajati, Ihda Novia; Dewi, Indiah Ratna; Irwanto, Dodi
Majalah Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik Vol 28, No 2 (2012): Majalah Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik
Publisher : Center for Leather, Rubber, and Plastic Ministry of Industry, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (1947.794 KB) | DOI: 10.20543/mkkp.v28i2.106

Abstract

ABSTRACTThe objectives of the research were to study the effect of HAF/SRF black ratio and the loading of sulfur on vulcanization characteristic, swelling behaviour and compression set of NBR vulcanizates. The ratio of HAF/SRF were 0/70; 10/60; 20/50; 30/40; 35/35; 40/30; 50/20 and 70/0 phr, respectively. The observation of this research consist of curing characteristic, morphology property and swelling equilibrium. Curing characteristic was determined from cure rate index (CRI), vulcanizates morphology was studied by SEM and swelling equilibrium was conducted by immersion test using benzene. The data were analyzed qualitatively to see the respond of the variable on physical properties. The curing characteristic of double filler vulcanizates was higher than those with single filler. Solvent uptake for double filler present in between to those with HAF or SRF. All of vulcanizates indicate the anomalous mass tranfer, with n>0,5 and constant k showed the same trend. The intrinsic diffusivity (D*), sorption and permeation coefficient showed similar trend and the maximum was obtained by the ratio HAF/SRF 0/70.ABSTRAKTujuan penelitian adalah mempelajari pengaruh rasio HAF/SRF terhadap karakteristik vulkanisat, kesetimbangan swelling dan perpindahan massa pada vulkanisat NBR. Rasio HAF/SRF yang digunakan berturut – turut 0/70; 10/60; 20/50; 30/40; 35/35; 40/30; 50/20 dan 70/0 phr. Pengamatan dilakukan pada karakteristik vulkanisasi, sifat morfologi dan kesetimbangan swelling. Data dianalisa secara kualitatif untuk melihat respon variabel penelitian terhadap sifat fisis vulkanisat. Karakteristik vulkanisasi ditentukan dari nilai indeks kecepatanvulkanisasi (cure rate index/CRI), morfologi vulkanisat dipelajari menggunakan alat SEM, dan kesetimbangan swelling dilakukan dengan cara perendaman dalam benzen dengan menghitung kecepatan penetrasi dan koefisien difusinya. Karakteristik vulkanisasi vulkanisat bahan pengisiganda memberikan nilai lebih tinggi daripada dengan bahan pengisi tunggal. Konsumsi pelarut (uptake) vulkanisat dengan bahan pengisi HAF dan SRF mempunyai nilai berada diantara vulkanisat dengan bahan pengisi tunggal. Mekanisme perpindahan massa untuk keseluruhan rasio HAF/SRF mengindikasikan anomali dengan nilai n>0,5 dan konstanta k yang relatif sama. Koefisien difusi intrinsik (D*), koefisien serapan (S) dan koefisien permeasi (P) secara umum menunjukkan kecenderungan dan nilai maksimum diberikan oleh rasio 0/70.
Pengaruh sistem vulkanisasi konvensional (CV) dan semi efisien (SEV) terhadap sifat aging dan termal vulkanisat campuran karet alam dan karet butil Yuniari, Arum; Sholeh, Muhammad; Indrajati, Ihda Novia
Majalah Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik Vol 31, No 2 (2015): Majalah Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik
Publisher : Center for Leather, Rubber, and Plastic Ministry of Industry, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (105.332 KB) | DOI: 10.20543/mkkp.v31i2.173

Abstract

The purpose of this research was to study the effect of CV and SEV curing systems on aging and thermal properties of natural rubber and butyl rubber blends. The mixing of rubber and rubber chemicals using two roll-mills and the vulcanization process was carried out by the hydraulic press at 160° C and 150 kg/cm2. The research design used two variations; first, the CV curing system (accelerator/sulfur) (1.0/2.5) phr and SEV curing system (accelerator/sulfur) (2.1/1.5) phr, second, the ratio of natural rubber/butyl: 100/0; 95/5; 90/10; 85/15; 80/20; 75/25; 70/30; 65/35; 60/40 and 55/45 phr. The parameter observed were tensile strength, elongation at break, hardness before and after aging and thermal properties, e.g.TG/DTA and DSC. The results showed that CV curing systems provided tensile, elongation at break properties gave higher quality and better aging properties. TG/DTA analysis of vulcanizates processed with CV curing systems provided slightly better thermal stability than of the SEV curing system.Keywords: natural rubber, butyl rubber, curing, CV, SEV, aging, thermal.ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari pengaruh sistem vulkanisasi CV dan SEV terhadap sifat aging dan termal campuran karet alam dan karet butil. Pencampuran karet dan bahan kimia karet dilakukan mengunakan mesin two roll mil dan proses vulkanisasi dilakukan dengan mesin hydraulic press pada suhu 160ºC dan tekanan 150 kg/cm2. Rancangan penelitian menggunakan 2 variasi. Variasi pertama sistem vulkanisasi CV (akselerator/sulfur) (1,0/2,5) phr dan sistem vulkanisasi SEV (akselerator/sulfur) (2,1/1,5) phr. Variasi kedua adalah perbandingan karet alam/butil: 100/0; 95/5; 90/10; 85/15; 80/20; 75/25; 70/30; 65/35; 60/40 dan 55/45 phr. Pengujian yang diamati adalah tegangan putus, perpanjangan putus, kekerasan sebelum dan sesudah aging serta sifat termal: DTA/TGA dan DSC. Hasil uji menunjukkan vulkanisat yang diproses dengan sistem vulkanisasi CV mempunyai sifat tegangan putus, perpanjangan putus lebih tinggi dan sifat aging lebih baik. Analisa DTA/TGA vulkanisat yang diproses dengan sistem vulkanisasi CV memberikan stabilitas termal sedikit lebih baik dari pada sistem vulkanisasi SEV.Kata kunci: karet alam, karet butil, vulkanisasi, CV, SEV, aging, termal.
Efek ukuran, bentuk dan konsentrasi partikel precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) yang ditambahkan pada sifat mekanik komposit karet alam Indrajati, Ihda Novia; Dewi, Indiah Ratna; Setyorini, Ike
Majalah Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik Vol 29, No 1 (2013): Majalah Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik
Publisher : Center for Leather, Rubber, and Plastic Ministry of Industry, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (644.363 KB) | DOI: 10.20543/mkkp.v29i1.218

Abstract

ABSTRACTThe objectives of this research was to study the effect of particle size, shape andconcentration of PCC on mechanical properties of natural rubber composites, i.e. tensilestrength (Ts) and elongation at break (Eb) at original and aging conditions. Two kinds of PCCwere used, PCCL (local, size 12 μm, uncoated) and PCCD (commercial, size 0.03-0.06 μm,stearate coated). PCCL was pre-treated by applying stearic acid. PCCLA was characterized withFTIR, TG/DTA thermal analysis, and morphological test using SEM. The loading of PCC were2.5; 5.0; 7.5; 10.0 and 12.5 phr respectively. Natural rubber composites were compounded usinglaboratory scale two roll mill. The incorporation of PCCLA or PCCD into rubber matrixincreased Ts and Eb. Both Ts and Eb initially increased continued up to the maximum point thendecreased. The maximum point of Ts and Eb of PCCLA were given on 10 phr, while of PCCD wereon 10 phr and 5 phr resepectively. PCCLA with its cubical particle shape gave higher Ts and Ebthan those PCCD with its needle-like shape, eventhough the particle size was larger. Agingincreased tensile and elongation, because of excessive crosslinking. The characeristic of theinterfacial adhesion between rubber matrix and PCC particle was estimated by Ts value, andproved that the Ts of PCCLA higher than those of PCCD.Keywords: PCC, mechanical properties, natural rubber composites, particle size and shapeABSTRAKTujuan penelitian ini adalah mempelajari pengaruh ukuran partikel, bentuk dan konsentrasiPCC terhadap sifat mekanik komposit karet alam yang meliputi tegangan putus (Ts) danperpanjangan putus (Eb) pada kondisi awal dan pengusangan. PCC yang digunakan yaitu PCCL,(produk lokal, ukuran partikel 12 μm, tanpa pelapis) dan PCCD, (komersial, ukuran partikel0,03-0,06 μm, dilapisi stearat). PCCL diaktivasi menggunakan asam stearat. KarakterisasiPCCLA dilakukan dengan FTIR, analisa termal TG/DTA dan uji morfologi dengan SEM.Konsentrasi PCC yang digunakan berturut-turut 2,5; 5,0; 7,5; 10,0 dan 12,5 phr. Komposit karetalam dibuat menggunakan two roll mill skala laboratorium. Penambahan PCCLA maupun PCCDmeningkatkan tegangan putus dan perpajangan putus komposit. Kenaikan konsentrasi PCCLAmaupun PCCD dalam matriks karet alam menaikkan tegangan putus hingga maksimum dankemudian turun. Nilai maksimum tegangan putus dan perpanjangan putus PCCLA berturut-turutdiberikan pada konsentrasi 10 phr sedangkan PCCD pada 10 phr dan 5 phr. Partikel PCCLAberbentuk kubus memberikan tegangan putus dan perpanjangan putus lebih tinggi daripadaPCCD dengan bentuk partikel jarum, meskipun ukuran partikelnya lebih besar. Pengusangankomposit karet alam telah meningkatkan nilai tegangan putus dan perpanjangan putus yangdisebabkan oleh proses pembentukan ikatan silang lanjutan pada komposit. Karakteristik adhesilapisan antar muka matriks karet dan partikel PCC, diestimasi dengan nilai tegangan putusnya,dan terbukti bahwa tegangan putus PCCLA lebih tinggi daripada PCCD.Kata kunci: PCC, sifat mekanik, komposit karet alam, bentuk dan ukuran partikel
Pengaruh rasio MBTS/ZDEC pada campuran karet alam dan etilen propilen diena yang dibuat dengan teknik kontrol migrasi curatives Indrajati, Ihda Novia; Sholeh, Muhammad
Majalah Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik Vol 30, No 1 (2014): Majalah Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik
Publisher : Center for Leather, Rubber, and Plastic Ministry of Industry, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (917.258 KB) | DOI: 10.20543/mkkp.v30i1.124

Abstract

The objective of this research was to observe the effect of MBTS/ZDEC ratio on dynamic properties, curing characteristic, morphology as well as hardness and resiliency of the NR/EPDM blends prepared by curatives migration control technique. The MBTS/ZDEC ratio were 1.6/0.0; 1.5/0.1; 1.4/0.2; 1.3/0.3 and 1.2/0.4 respectively on a fixed NR/EPDM ratio of 60/40. Compounds (EPDM and NR) were prepared separately using two roll mill. The blends with binary accelerator MBTS/ZDEC showed synergistic activity which provided higher crosslink density than those of single accelerator MBTS. Reduction of ts2 and t90 as well as cure rate index (CRI) indicated the more homogeneous crosslink density distribution within the rubber phase. Scanning electron micrograph showed that the blends with binary accelerator gave smoother surface. Binary accelerator resulted higher hardness. Increasing of ZDEC raised hardness followed by reduction of the resillience property.ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan mempelajari pengaruh rasio MBTS/ZDEC pada sifat dinamik, karakteristik curing, karakteristik morfologi serta kekerasan dan sifat pegas pantul campuran NR/EPDM yang dibuat dengan teknik kontrol migrasi curatives. Rasio MBTS/ZDEC yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini secara berurutan 1,6/0,0; 1,5/0,1; 1,4/0,2; 1,3/0,3; dan 1,2/0,4 pada rasio NR/EPDM tetap 60/40. Kompon dibuat secara terpisah (kompon EPDM dan NR) menggunakan two roll mill. Campuran NR/EPDM dengan akselerator biner MBTS/ZDEC menunjukkan sinergi aktivitas yang memberikan kerapatan ikatan silang lebih tinggi daripada akselerator tunggal MBTS. Kemampuan proses kompon akselerator biner lebih rendah daripada akselerator tunggal. Penurunan ts2 dan t90 serta kenaikan indeks kecepatan reaksi (CRI) mengindikasikan distribusi ikatan silang yang merata pada kedua fasa karet. Mikrograf pemindaian elektron (SEM) menunjukkan campuran dengan akselerator biner mempunyai permukaan yang lebih halus. Kekerasan vulkanisat sistem biner lebih tinggi. Penambahan ZDEC meningkatkan kekerasan dan diikuti dengan penurunan sifat pegas pantul.
Kinetika vulkanisasi campuran NR/EPDM dengan pendekatan model Deng-Isayev dan Kamal-Sorour Indrajati, Ihda Novia; Sholeh, Muhammad
Majalah Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik Vol 30, No 2 (2014): Majalah Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik
Publisher : Center for Leather, Rubber, and Plastic Ministry of Industry, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (2457.23 KB) | DOI: 10.20543/mkkp.v30i2.130

Abstract

Curing kinetics of natural rubber/ethylene propylene diene monomer (NR/EPDM) blends at different ratios of 2,2’-dithiobis(benzothiazole) (MBTS) and zinc diethyl dithiocarbamate (ZDEC) were studied. NR/EPDM blends were prepared using curative migration control technique. Kinetics studies employ Deng-Isayev and Kamal-Sorour models and kinetics parameters were evaluated using measured data from Moving Die Rheometer. Rate constant (k) and orders of reaction (n and m) were estimated through multivariable optimization using Matlab and activation energy (E) was determined using Arrhenius relationship. From the results, it is evident that the experimental data were in a good agreement with Kamal-Sorour model. It is also found that autocatalytic mechanism was more controlling than the others as indicated by k2>k1. Results also shows that rate constants were greatly influenced by temperature and the types of accelerator, while orders of reaction were dependent on temperature and independent on the types and amounts of accelerator. Combination of MBTS and ZDEC reduces energy activation of autocatalytic reaction. For desirable rate of curing, its ratio of 1.4 to 0.2 gave the lowest activation energy.Keywords: kinetics study, vulcanization, NR/EPDM, Deng-Isayev, Kamal-Sorour.ABSTRAKKinetika vulkanisasi campuran NR/EPDM pada berbagai rasio MBTS/ZDEC dipelajari dalam publikasi ini berdasarkan data output Moving Die Rheometer (MDR). Campuran NR/EPDM dibuat dengan teknik kontrol migrasi curatives. Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah model empiris Deng-Isayev dan Kamal-Sorour. Konstanta kecepatan reaksi (k) dan orde reaksi (n dan m) ditentukan dengan optimasi multivariabel menggunakan perangkat lunak Matlab. Energi aktivasi (E) ditentukan dengan hubungan Arrhenius. Hasil studi menunjukkan data eksperimen dapat dideskripsikan dengan baik oleh model Kamal-Sorour. Mekanisme autokatalitik mendominasi mekanisme lainnya ditunjukkan dengan k2>k1. Konstanta kecepatan reaksi bergantung pada suhu dan jenis akselerator, sedangkan orde reaksi tidak tergantung pada suhu tetapi pada jenis dan jumlah akselerator. Kombinasi akselerator MBTS dan ZDEC menurunkan energi aktivasi reaksi autokatalisis. Rasio 1,4/0,2 merupakan kombinasi yang memberikan energi aktivasi cukup rendah dengan kecepatan reaksi yang tinggi.Kata kunci: kinetika, vulkanisasi, NR/EPDM, Deng-Isayev, Kamal-Sorour.
PENGARUH SILIKA TERHADAP KARAKTERISTIK FILM LATEKS KARET ALAM DALAM PENGAPLIKASIAN BLADDER COMPRESSION MOULDING Pranata, M. Sagitra; Nugroho, G.; Indrajati, Ihda Novia; Dewi, Indiah Ratna
Jurnal Rekayasa Mesin Vol. 15 No. 2 (2024)
Publisher : Jurusan Teknik Mesin, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Brawijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/jrm.v15i2.1696

Abstract

The objective of this study is to investigate the production and analysis of bladders made from natural rubber latex using the dipping technique, with the aim of identifying the optimal formulation for determining their mechanical properties. The procedure was executed by a series of sequential steps, including dispersion, compaction, and vulcanization. Bladder compression molding was conducted using a range of five samples of SiO2, with varying proportions of 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 phr. The testing was conducted in accordance with ISO 37, ISO 34-1, and ISO 188 standards. The findings indicated that the optimal formula was derived from the modification including a concentration of 2 parts per hundred of SiO2. The obtained mechanical parameters consist of a tensile strength of 17,972 MPa, an elongation at break of 924 MPa, and a tear strength of 50,478 MPa. The test parameters utilized in this study were in compliance with ISO 37, ISO 34-1, and ISO 188 standards.
PENGARUH SILIKA TERHADAP KARAKTERISTIK FILM LATEKS KARET ALAM DALAM PENGAPLIKASIAN BLADDER COMPRESSION MOULDING Pranata, M. Sagitra; Nugroho, G.; Indrajati, Ihda Novia; Dewi, Indiah Ratna
Jurnal Rekayasa Mesin Vol. 15 No. 2 (2024)
Publisher : Jurusan Teknik Mesin, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Brawijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/jrm.v15i2.1696

Abstract

The objective of this study is to investigate the production and analysis of bladders made from natural rubber latex using the dipping technique, with the aim of identifying the optimal formulation for determining their mechanical properties. The procedure was executed by a series of sequential steps, including dispersion, compaction, and vulcanization. Bladder compression molding was conducted using a range of five samples of SiO2, with varying proportions of 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 phr. The testing was conducted in accordance with ISO 37, ISO 34-1, and ISO 188 standards. The findings indicated that the optimal formula was derived from the modification including a concentration of 2 parts per hundred of SiO2. The obtained mechanical parameters consist of a tensile strength of 17,972 MPa, an elongation at break of 924 MPa, and a tear strength of 50,478 MPa. The test parameters utilized in this study were in compliance with ISO 37, ISO 34-1, and ISO 188 standards.
Co-Authors Arum Yuniari, Arum Dodi Irwanto, Dodi Dwi Wahini Nurhajati, Dwi Wahini Ike Setyorini, Ike Indiah Ratna Dewi, Indiah Ratna MUHAMMAD SHOLEH Nugroho, G. Pranata, M. Sagitra