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Efektivitas Penerapan Pengetahuan Dampak Bahaya Merokok terhadap Kesehatan Reproduksi pada Siswa/Siswi Kelas 10 di Sma Pusaka Nusantara 2 Bekasi Perdi Nopianto; Indah Yuliani
Malahayati Nursing Journal Vol 4, No 9 (2022): Volume 4 Nomor 9 2022
Publisher : Universitas Malahayati Lampung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33024/mnj.v4i9.6905

Abstract

ABSTRACT Cigarettes are processed tobacco products that are packaged, produced from the Nicotiana Tabacum, Nicotiana Rustica and other species or their synthetics containing nicotine and tar with or without additives. To determine the effectiveness of the application of knowledge on the impact of the dangers of smoking on reproductive health in Pusaka Nusantara 2 Bekasi High School students. The research design used in this study was pre-experimental with a one group pretest-post test design. The level of knowledge was measured before and after the intervention, namely by educating the dangers of smoking on reproductive health. The type of statistical test used is the Paired Sample T-test. The number of samples as many as 95 respondents by meeting the inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria.The results of the univariate analysis there are 95 respondents, the number of age 15 years and 16 years is almost the same, namely 15 years old totaling 46 respondents (46%) and 16 years old 48 respondents (50.5%) while the age of 17 years is very little, which is 1 ( 1.1%). And it was also found that female respondents amounted to 55 respondents (57.9%) more than men, which amounted to 40 respondents (42.1%). The results of the bivariate analysis using the T-test showed p-value = 0.000 (≤ 0.05), meaning that there was a significant difference between the pretest and posttest of adolescent knowledge about the impact of smoking on reproductive health at Pusaka Nusantara 2 High School Bekasi.The results of statistical tests with the T-test there is a significant relationship between the level of knowledge of the dangers of smoking with reproductive health. Keywords: Knowledge,Reproductive Health,Smoking.  ABSTRAK Rokok merupakan hasil olahan tembakau yang terbungkus, dihasilkan dari tanaman Nicotiana Tabacum, Nicotiana Rustica dan spesies lainnya atau sintetisnya yang mengandung nikotin dan tar dengan atau tanpa bahan tambahan untuk mengetahui efektivitas penerapan pengetahuan dampak bahaya merokok terhadap Kesehatan reproduksi pada siswa-siswi SMA Pusaka Nusantara 2 Bekasi. Desain penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Pre-Experimental dengan rancangan penelitian one group pretest-post test design. Tingkat pengetahuan diukur sebelum dan sesudah dilakukan intervensi yaitu dengan melakukan edukasi bahaya merokok terhadap kesehatan reproduksi. Jenis uji statistik yang digunakan adalah Uji T-test. Jumlah sampel sebanyak 95 responden dengan memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan kriteria eksklusi. Hasil dari analisis univariat terdapat 95 responden, jumlah usia 15 tahun dengan 16 tahun hampir sama yaitu berusia 15 tahun berjumlah 46 responden (46%) dan berusia 16 tahun 48 responden (50,5%) sedangkan usia 17 tahun sangat sedikit yaitu berjumlah 1 (1,1%). Dan didapatkan juga responden yang berjenis kelamin perempuan berjumlah 55 responden (57,9%) lebih banyak dibanding laki-laki yang berjumlah 40 responden (42,1%). Hasil analisis bivariat menggunakan uji T-test didapatkan p-value = 0,000 ( ≤ 0,05) artinya ada perbedaan signifikan antara Pretest dan Posttest pengetahuan remaja tentang dampak bahaya merokok terhadap Kesehatan reproduksi di SMA Pusaka Nusantara 2 Bekasi. Hasil uji statistic dengan uji T-test terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan hubungan anatara tingkat pengetahuan bahaya merokok dengan Kesehatan reproduksi. Kata kunci: Pengetahuan,Kesehatan Reproduksi,Merokok.
PENGETAHUAN INFEKSI SALURAN KEMIH PADA REMAJA PUTRI Indah Yuliani; Elfira Sri Futriani
JURNAL ANTARA ABDIMAS KEPERAWATAN Vol 5 No 2 (2022): Jurnal Antara Abdimas Keperawatan
Publisher : Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Jakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37063/abdimaskep.v5i2.795

Abstract

Pendahuluan: Infeksi saluran kemih merupakan salah satu penyakit yang sering terjadi pada remaja putri, yang berdampak terhadap gangguan kesehatan pada saluran perkemihan, yang disebabkan oleh pertumbuhan mikroorganisme di dalam saluran kemih manusia, salah satunya yaitu escherichia coli. Dengan memiliki pengatahuan yang baik tentang pencegahan infeksi saluran kemih, maka remaja putri dapat terhindar dari penyakit tersebut.Metode: Metode yang digunakan dalam kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat ini adalah dengan melihat prosentase dari hasil kuisioner yang diberikan pada peserta yaitu terdiri dari 46 remaja putri program asisten keperawatan SMK Mitra Bakti Husada.Hasil: Kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat ini dilakukan guna memberikan edukasi kepada peserta tentang pengetahuan serta gejala dari infeksi saluran kemih, dengan menjaga personal hygiene, menjaga asupan cairan/minum dan tidak menahan buang air kecil.Kesimpulan: Pengabdian masyarakat ini terlaksana dengan baik, berjalan sesuai rencana yang disusun, serta diikuti dengan antusias oleh peserta.
MEMERIKSA PAYUDARA SENDIRI PADA REMAJA PUTRI DI SMK MITRA BAKTI HUSADA BEKASI Indah Yuliani
Jurnal Antara Abdimas Kebidanan Vol 5 No 1 (2022): Jurnal Antara Abdimas Kebidanan
Publisher : Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Abdi Nusantara

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (342.848 KB) | DOI: 10.37063/abdimaskeb.v5i1.765

Abstract

Pendahuluan: Pemeriksaan payudara sendiri merupakan tindakan yang sebaiknya dilakukan oleh seorang wanita dalam rangka pencegahan atau mendeteksi dini terjadinya kanker payudara. Kanker payudara adalah salah satu penyakit yang mematikan khususnya bagi Wanita. Pemeriksaan payudara sendiri (SADARI) dilakukan agar dapat diketahui sedini mungkin kasus kanker payudara, terutama bisa dilakukan segera oleh remaja putri. Metode: Metode yang digunakan yaitu melihat prosentase hasil kuisioner yang dibagikan kepada peserta yaitu remaja putri di SMK Mitra Bakti Husada. Hasil: Pelaksanaan kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat dilakukan guna menyampaikan materi tentang teori pemeriksaan payudara sendiri dan sikap yang harus dimiliki dalam melakukan pendeteksian secara dini kanker payudara. Kesimpulan: Kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat ini terselenggara secara baik dan berjalan dengan lancar serta antusias dari para remaja putri, sesuai dengan rancangan kegiatan yang telah disusun.
EDUKASI TENTANG PEMENUHAN GIZI PADA IBU HAMIL Indah Yuliani; Elfira Sri Futriani; Asep Barkah
JURNAL ANTARA ABDIMAS KEPERAWATAN Vol 6 No 1 (2023): Jurnal Antara Abdimas Keperawatan
Publisher : Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Jakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar

Abstract

Pendahuluan: kebutuhan gizi selama hamil sangatlah penting agar tidak terjadi berbagai penyulit saat masa hamil dan proses persalianan. Masih banyak para ibu hamil yang belum memenuhi kebutuhan gizinya, sehingga berdampak pada ibu dan janin yang dikandung. Metode: menggunakan diskusi dan tanya jawab dan melihat antusias dari para ibu hamil ketika diberikan beberapa pertanyaan tentang gizi dalam masa kehamilan. Hasil: kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat dilaksanakan agar ibu hamil dapat memahami dan memenuhi kebutuhan nutrisi atau gizi selama kehamilannya, serta mengetahui dampaknya jika hal tersebut tidak dan / atau kurang terpenuhi dengan baik. Kesimpulan: pengabdian masyarakat terlaksana dengan baik sesuai rencana, ibu hamil memahami kebutuhan nutrisi selama masa hamil.
Efektivitas Edukasi Pengetahuan Kesehatan Reproduksi Seksual Pada Remaja Awal Kelas VII di SMP Patriot Bekasi Wilayah Jawa Barat Tahun 2023. Anis Naeni Rohmatika; Indah Yuliani
Innovative: Journal Of Social Science Research Vol. 3 No. 3 (2023): Innovative: Journal Of Social Science Research
Publisher : Universitas Pahlawan Tuanku Tambusai

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31004/innovative.v3i3.2044

Abstract

Pendahuluan : Kesehatan reproduksi adalah kesejahteraan fisik, mental dan sosial yang utuh bukan hanya bebas dari penyakit atau kecatatan, dalam segala aspek yang berhubungan dengan sistem reproduksi, fungsi serta prosesnya. Baik laki-laki maupun perempuan memerlukan landasan psikis yang memadai agar perkembangan, emosinya berlangsung dengan baik. Kesehatan reproduksi mempunyai makna yaitu suatu kondisi sehat yang menyangkut sistem reproduksi yang dimiliki oleh seorang perempuan baik secara fisik, mental, emosional dan spiritual. Tujuan umum : penelitian ini adalah Untuk mengetahui efektifitas pemberian edukasi pengetahuan kesehatan reproduksi seksual pada remaja awal di SMP patriot Bekasi. Metode : Desain penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah quasi eksperimen dengan menggunakan rancangan one group pre-post test yaitu penelitian dilaksanakan dengan melakukan observasi (pre-test) sebelum dilakukan intervensi selanjutnya dilakukan observasi kadua (post-test) pada saat setelah dilakukan intervensi. Dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 44 responden. Hasil : Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan terjadinya peningkatan pengetahuan baik dari 5 responden (52,3%) menjadi 27 responden (61,4%), setelah memberikan pendidikan kesehatan tentang pengetahuan kesehatan reproduksi seksual remaja. Hasil uji wilcoxon di dapatkan p-value 0,000<0,05 menunjukan terdapat perbedaan tingkat pengetahuan sebelum dan sesudah di berikan pendidikan kesehatan. Simpulan : penyuluhan kesehatan reproduksi efektif dalam meningkatkan pengetahuan remaja tentang kesehatan reproduksi seksual. Diharapkan agar pendidikan kesehatan reproduksi dapat disampaikan di sela-sela pembelajaran di sekolah sehingga menambah pengetahuan remaja tentang pengetahuan kesehatan reproduksi seksual remaja.
Hubungan Pengetahuan terhadap Kejadian Keputihan Pada Ibu Hamil di Poli Kia RSUD dr. Adjidarmo Kabupaten Lebak Siti Aminah; Indah Yuliani
Malahayati Nursing Journal Vol 6, No 10 (2024): Volume 6 Nomor 10 (2024)
Publisher : Universitas Malahayati Lampung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33024/mnj.v6i10.13916

Abstract

ABSTRACT One of the physiological changes that occur in pregnant women is vaginal discharge. Vaginal discharge in pregnant women often occurs due to adaptations and changes in the endocrine system in the body of pregnant women. Vaginal secretions are divided into 2 types: physiological and pathological. Physiological vaginal discharge is characterized by a small amount, clear, white (sometimes leaving yellow on the panties), odorless and not accompanied by itching, pain, swelling of the genitals, pain and swelling, pain when defecating. Based on a preliminary study of 17 respondents of 1st trimester and 2nd trimester pregnant women regarding the treatment of reproductive organs and vaginal discharge, 6 pregnant women experienced no vaginal discharge, 11 pregnant women experienced vaginal discharge. Knowing the relationship of knowledge to the incidence of vaginal discharge in pregnant women at the MCH poly of RSUD dr. Adjidarmo.  Data collection was carried out through questionnaires distributed to 30 respondents of pregnant women who experienced vaginal discharge. Cross sectional, non-experimental to see the correlation between the dependent variable and the independent variable. Data collection was carried out through questionnaires distributed to 30 respondents of pregnant women who experienced vaginal discharge. The population in this study was 30 pregnant women who experienced vaginal discharge within 2 months, with  a simple random sampling method. Statistical test obtained p-value 0.001 This proves that there is a relationship of Knowledge on the incidence of leucorrhoea in pregnant women at poly kia RSUD dr. Adjidarmo lebak district. The OR value obtained is  16,875  which means that  respondents who have poor knowledge of leucorrhoea have a 16.9 times greater risk for vaginal discharge, when compared to respondents who have good knowledge of leucorrhoea, with the results of Confidence Interval = 2,555 - 111,463. There is a relationship of knowledge on the incidence of leucorrhoea in pregnant women at the poly kia Regional General Hospital dr. Adjidarmo lebak district. It is hoped that the results of this study can increase knowledge for health workers that the importance of leucorrhoea knowledge for pregnant women who experience vaginal discharge. Keywords: Knowledge, Vaginal Discharge, Pregnant Women ABSTRAK Salah satu perubahan fisiologis yang terjadi pada ibu hamil adalah keputihan. Keputihan pada ibu hamil seringkali terjadi akibat adaptasi dan perubahan sistem endokrin pada tubuh ibu hamil. Sekresi vagina dibagi menjadi 2 jenis: fisiologis dan patologis. Keputihan fisiologis di tandai dengan jumlah yang sedikit, bening, berwarna putih (kadang meninggalkan warna kuning pada celana dalam), tidak berbau dan tidak disertai rasa gatal, nyeri, bengkak pada kemaluan, perih dan bengkak, rasa perih saat buang air. Berdasarkan studi pendahuluan terhadap 17 responden ibu hamil trimester 1 dan trimester 2 tentang perawatan organ reproduksi dan keputihan yaitu diperoleh 6 ibu hamil mengalami tidak mengalami keputihan, 11 ibu hamil mengalami keputihan. Mengetahui hubungan pengetahuan terhadap kejadian keputihan pada ibu hamil di poli KIA RSUD dr. Adjidarmo. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui kuesioner yang dibagikan kepada 30 responden ibu hamil yang mengalami keputihan.  Cross sectional, non-eksperimental untuk melihat korelasi antara variabel dependen dan variabel independent. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui kuesioner yang dibagikan kepada 30 responden ibu hamil yang mengalami keputihan. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah 30 ibu hamil yang mengalami keputihan dalam kurun waktu 2 Bulan, dengan metode simple random sampling. uji statistik diperoleh p-value 0,001 Hal ini membuktikan bahwa ada hubungan  Pengetahuan terhadap kejadian Keputihan pada ibu hamil di poli kia RSUD dr.Adjidarmo kabupaten lebak. Nilai OR yang diperoleh sebesar 16,875 yang berarti bahwa responden yang memiliki Pengetahuan Keputihan yang kurang baik tentang keputihan memiliki resiko 16,9 kali lebih besar untuk terjadinya keputihan, bila dibandingkan dengan responden yang memiliki pengetahuan yang baik tentang keputihan, dengan hasil Confidence Interval = 2.555 - 111.463. Adanya hubungan pengetahuan terhadap kejadian keputihan pada ibu hamil di poli kia Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah dr.Adjidarmo kabupaten lebak. Diharapkan hasil penelitian ini dapat menambah pengetahuan bagi tenaga kesehatan bahwa pentingnya pengetahuan keputihan terhadap ibu hamil yang mengalami keputihan. Kata Kunci: Pengetahuan, Keputihan, Ibu Hamil
The Effectiveness of Education on Knowledge and Attitudes About HIV/AIDS Through Leaflets and Videos on Students at SMAN 1 Tarumajaya Bekasi Indah Yuliani; Nanda Virgita; Nurul Hidayah; Putri Ridhotun Nabila; Nanda Rizka Salsabila; Hasipah Nurseha; Inda Panti Nalova; Winarti Mutiara Sitohang
Jurnal Ners Vol. 10 No. 2 (2026): APRIL 2026
Publisher : Universitas Pahlawan Tuanku Tambusai

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31004/jn.v10i2.54281

Abstract

HIV/AIDS cases remain a global health issue, including in Indonesia. Adolescents are a group that is vulnerable to HIV/AIDS transmission due to a lack of knowledge and inappropriate attitudes towards risky behavior and people living with HIV/AIDS. Based on observations at SMAN 1 Tarumajaya, it was found that 70% of 10 students had low levels of knowledge and 90% of 10 students showed poor attitudes towards people living with HIV/AIDS. Therefore, effective health education efforts are needed, one of which is through leaflets and videos. This study used a quantitative method with a quasi-experimental design of the Two-Group Pretest-Posttest Design type. The sample consisted of 30 eleventh-grade students divided into two groups, with 15 students receiving education through leaflets and 15 students through videos. The Paired Sample T-Test was used because the data was normally distributed. The results of the study on the leaflet media group showed an increase in knowledge with a mean = -4.667 and a p-value = 0.000, while the increase in attitude had a mean = -6.600 and a p-value = 0.000. A p-value <0.05 indicates that there was a significant difference between the values before and after the educational intervention was given. It can be concluded that leaflets are effective in increasing students' knowledge and attitudes about HIV/AIDS. Meanwhile, in the video education group, the mean increase in knowledge was -3.867 with a p-value of 0.000, and the mean increase in attitude was -4.000 with a p-value of 0.000. This also indicates that there is a significant difference in knowledge and attitudes before and after the educational intervention. It can be concluded that both leaflets and videos are effective in increasing students' knowledge about HIV/AIDS. This study demonstrates that health education interventions using leaflet and video media can effectively improve knowledge and attitudes toward HIV/AIDS. The leaflet-based intervention showed greater effectiveness in shaping positive attitudes, likely due to repeated exposure and deeper comprehension of written information. These findings support the integration of printed educational media as a complementary strategy in HIV/AIDS prevention programs.
The Relationship Between Adolescents' Knowledge, Attitudes, And Information Sources Towards Reproductive Health And Sexual Behavior At SMAN 12 Bekasi In 2025 Indah Yuliani; Inda Panti Nalova
Jurnal Ners Vol. 10 No. 2 (2026): APRIL 2026
Publisher : Universitas Pahlawan Tuanku Tambusai

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31004/jn.v10i2.54713

Abstract

Background: Reproductive health is crucial for both men and women. Reproductive health is a state of physical, mental, and social well-being. Knowledge about reproductive and sexual health significantly influences adolescent attitudes. This knowledge is gained through sex education, which provides clear and accurate information about human sexuality. Data collected by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2023 recorded a prevalence of reproductive organ diseases in women, including bacterial vaginosis, of 23-29%.The main problems in adolescent reproductive health in Indonesia are a lack of information about reproductive health, changes in adolescent sexual behavior, inadequate health services, and inadequate legislation. Currently, the situation of adolescents is increasingly concerning due to the increase in negative actions committed by adolescents. Research Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between adolescent knowledge, attitudes, and information sources regarding reproductive health and sexual behavior at SMAN 12 Bekasi in 2025.Research Method: This study used a descriptive analytical approach with a cross-sectional method. Using the Chi-square test, data collection involved independent variables (risk) and dependent variables (risk) at the same time.Research results The results of statistical tests using the Chi Square test showed that respondents with a Level of Knowledge of Reproductive Health with Sexual Behavior obtained a P Value of 0.000 <0.05, for the relationship of Attitude obtained a P Value of 0.001 <0.05, and for the relationship of Information Source obtained a P Value of 0.007 <0.05 there is a significant relationship between knowledge, attitudes and sources of information on Reproductive Health with Sexual Behavior. Conclusions and suggestions As input or reference for further research on the Relationship of Knowledge, Attitudes and Sources of Information of Adolescents on Reproductive Health with Sexual Behavior in areas outside of formal education or non-formal education such as orphanages or street children who have not been exposed to information at all.
The Relationship Between Adolescents Reproductive Health Knowledge and Personal Hygiene Attitudes and The Risk Of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) in Kedung Jaya Village, Babelan, in 2025 Putri Ridhotun Nabila; Indah Yuliani
Jurnal Ners Vol. 10 No. 2 (2026): APRIL 2026
Publisher : Universitas Pahlawan Tuanku Tambusai

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31004/jn.v10i2.54965

Abstract

Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) are a reproductive health problem that remains prevalent among adolescents and is influenced by various factors, including reproductive health knowledge and personal hygiene practices. According to data from the Babelan Community Health Center (Puskesmas) (2023), approximately 20% of the 15,000 reproductive-age population in Kedung Jaya Village, Babelan District, Bekasi City, reported mild STI symptoms. Therefore, this research is expected to provide a basis for developing reproductive health education programs and fostering personal hygiene behaviors for adolescents as an STI prevention effort. This study employed a cross-sectional method, a research design that involves observations or measurements of both variables at the same time. In this study, the relationship between variables was analyzed using the Chi-Square test to determine whether there is a significant relationship between the independent and dependent variables.Based on the Chi-Square test, the Asymp. Sig. (p-value) was 0.000 (p < 0.05), indicating a significant relationship between personal hygiene attitudes in adolescents and the risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Therefore, personal hygiene attitudes are an important factor in reducing the risk of STIs in adolescents.The results of the relationship analysis indicate a tendency that low levels of reproductive health knowledge are followed by a higher risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Most respondents were in mid-adolescence, specifically between the ages of 14 and 16, which is a critical phase in the formation of knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors related to reproductive health. It is hoped that there will be increased reproductive health education and fostering personal hygiene attitudes among adolescents as an effort to prevent sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
The Relationship Of Reproductive Health And Personal Hygiene Behavior On The Incidence Of Vucility In Ziadatul Irfan Tarumajaya Junior High School Students, Bekasi, 2025 Indah Yuliani; Hasipah Nurseha
Jurnal Ners Vol. 10 No. 2 (2026): APRIL 2026
Publisher : Universitas Pahlawan Tuanku Tambusai

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31004/jn.v10i2.55114

Abstract

Background: Reproductive health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity, in all matters relating to the reproductive system and its functions and processes. According to the WHO (2023), the prevalence of reproductive organ diseases in women includes bacterial vaginosis at 23-29%, trichomoniasis at 156 million women worldwide, chlamydia infections at 128.5 million, and 500 million women experiencing sexually transmitted infections characterized by vaginal discharge. A person's knowledge of personal hygiene also influences their behavior in maintaining and caring for their reproductive health. Health education about reproductive health is important for adolescents so they have the correct information and knowledge about reproductive health. Research Objective: To determine the relationship between reproductive health knowledge and personal hygiene with the incidence of vaginal discharge in female students at SMP Ziadatul Irfan Tarumajaya Bekasi in 2025.Research Method: This research method uses a descriptive analytical approach with a cross-sectional method. Using the Chi-square test, the data collection involves independent variables (risk) and dependent variables (risk) carried out at the same time.Research Results: Statistical tests using the Chi-Square test showed that respondents with a P-value of 0.05 < 0.005 for reproductive health behaviors indicated a significant relationship between reproductive health knowledge and vaginal discharge. Furthermore, for personal hygiene behaviors, the P-value was 0.375 > 0.05, indicating no significant relationship between personal hygiene behaviors and vaginal discharge.Conclusions and Recommendations: As input or reference for further research on Reproductive Health and Personal Hygiene Behaviors on Vaginal Discharge. Overall, reproductive health knowledge and personal hygiene behaviors play an important role in preventing vaginal discharge. Therefore, efforts to improve reproductive health education accompanied by the implementation of good personal hygiene are essential as preventative measures.