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Perlindungan Hak Asasi Manusia Terhadap Anak Perempuan yang Mengalami Female Genital Mutilations Al-Azmi Nur Fadhilah Syarip; Mohammad Husni Syam; Syahrul Fauzul Kabir
Bandung Conference Series: Law Studies Vol. 3 No. 1 (2023): Bandung Conference Series: Law Studies
Publisher : UNISBA Press

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29313/bcsls.v3i1.5048

Abstract

Abstract. This research is motivated by violations of human rights against women related to inequality in reproductive health problems experienced by women, one of which is the practice of female genital mutilation (FGM). This practice of FGM is very dangerous and can cause health problems to the point of triggering mental health, reducing or eliminating recognition, and enjoyment or execution of women. This study aims to understand how international human rights provide protection for girls who experience FGM and to understand the implementation of FGM practices in Indonesia and the UK. This study uses a normative juridical method, with bibliographical data or secondary data which includes primary, secondary and tertiary legal materials. The results obtained are: (1) Special international agencies such as WHO and the CEDAW convention observe that the practice of female circumcision is a traditional practice that is dangerous and can affect women's health, therefore the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women issued General Recommendation no. 14: Female Circumcision in 1990 in an effort to protect women in the practice of FGM. And the Convention on the Rights of the Child which provides protection for children who experience FGM by providing recommendations to the state to eliminate traditional habits that harm children's health (2) The implementation of FGM practices in Indonesia is based on culture or religion while the implementation of FGM practices in England is carried out by someone who migrated to the UK and brought the FGM culture with them. Abstrak. Penelitian ini dilatar belakangi oleh adanya pelanggaran Hak Asasi Manusia terhadap perempuan terkait adanya ketidaksetaraan masalah kesehatan reproduksi yang dialami oleh perempuan salah satunya praktik sunat perempuan/ Female Genital Mutilation (FGM). Praktik FGM ini sangat berbahaya dan bisa menyebabkan masalah kesehatan hingga memicu kesehatan mental, mengurangi atau meniadakan pengakuan, dan penikmatan atau pelaksanaan terhadap perempuan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memahami bagaimana hak asasi manusia internasional dalam memberikan perlindungan terhadap anak perempuan yang mengalami FGM serta untuk memahami implementasi praktik FGM di Indoneia dan Inggris. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode yuridis normatif, dengan data kepustakaan atau data sekunder yang mencakup bahan hukum primer, sekunder dan tersier. Hasil yang diperoleh yakni: (1) Badan-badan khusus internasional seperti WHO dan konvensi CEDAW mengamati bahwa praktik sunat perempuan merupakan praktik tradisional yang berbahaya serta dapat mempengaruhi kesehatan perempuan, maka dari itu Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Againts Women mengeluarkan General Recomendation no.14: Female Circumision in 1990 dalam upaya melindungi perempuan dalam praktik FGM. Dan Konvensi Hak Anak yang memberikan perlindungan terhadap anak yang mengalami FGM dengan memberi rekomendasi kepada negara untuk menghapuskan kebiasaan-kebiasaan tradisional yang merugikan kesehatan anak (2) Implementasi praktik FGM di Indonesia berdasar pada budaya atau agama sedangkan impelemntasi praktik FGM di Inggris dilakukan oleh seseorang yang bermigrasi ke negara Inggris dan membawa budaya FGM.
Pemutusan Hubungan Diplomatik Antara Iran dengan Albania Terkait Adanya Kasus Serangan Siber Ditinjau Dari Konvensi Wina 1961 Tentang Hubungan Diplomatik Nurhakiki, Azizah Dzakiah; Mohammad Husni Syam
Bandung Conference Series: Law Studies Vol. 4 No. 1 (2024): Bandung Conference Series: Law Studies
Publisher : UNISBA Press

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29313/bcsls.v4i1.9823

Abstract

Abstrak. Hukum internasional adalah keseluruhan kaidah dan asas yang mengatur hubungan atau persoalan yang melintasi batas negara antara negara dengan negara, negara dengan subjek hukum lain bukan negara atau subjek hukum bukan negara satu sama lain. Hukum Internasional mengkoordinasi dan memfasilitasi kerjasama antar negara negara yang saling tergantung satu sama lain. Praktik Hukum Internasional tidak dapat terpisahkan dari masalah diplomasi, politik dan sikap, pola atau kebijakan hubungan luar negeri. Metode Pendekatan Metode penelitian yang digunakan penulis dalam penelitian hukum ini adalah dengan menggunakan metode pendekatan yuridis normatif yaitu penelitian terhadap asas-asas hukum dan data sekunder melalui inventarisasi hukum positif. Penelitian hukum yuridis normatif adalah suatu pendekataan yang mengkaji, menguji dan menerapkan asas-asas hukum serta prinsip-prinsip umum hukum internasional. Konvensi Wina 1961 mencakup aspek hukum diplomatik sebagai ketetapan hukum internasional yang mengatur hubungan diplomatik yang didasarkan pada kesepakatan dan diatur dalam instrument hukum sebagai kodifikasi kebiasaan dan kemajuan hukum internasional. Pasal 2 Konvensi Wina 1961 membentuk dasar hubungan diplomatik, yang menetapkan bahwa ikatan diplomatik dan tugas permanen harus dibentuk. Berdasarkan uraian di atas, dapat disimpulkan bahwa: Konvensi Wina 1961 tidak mengatur bagaimana hubungan diplomatik antara Iran dan Albania dapat diputuskan. Sementara itu, aturan kebiasaan internasional menentukan bagaimana hubungan perjanjian internasional berakhir. Kata kunci: hubungan diplomatik, perjanjian internasional, negara. Abstract. International law is the overall rules and principles governing relationships or issues that cross state borders between states and states, states and other non-state legal subjects or non-state legal subjects with each other. International Law coordinates and facilitates cooperation between states that are interdependent on each other. The practice of International Law cannot be separated from the problems of diplomacy, politics and attitudes, patterns or policies of foreign relations. Approach Method The research method used by the author in this legal research is to use a normative juridical approach method, namely research on legal principles and secondary data through an inventory of positive law. Normative juridical legal research is an approach that examines, tests and applies legal principles and general principles of international law. The 1961 Vienna Convention covers aspects of diplomatic law as an international legal provision governing diplomatic relations based on agreements and regulated in legal instruments as a codification of customs and international legal progress. The basis of diplomatic relations is Article 2 of the 1961 Vienna Convention, which stipulates that diplomatic ties and permanent duties must be established. Based on the above description, it can be concluded that: The 1961 Vienna Convention does not regulate the procedure for the termination of diplomatic relations between Iran and Albania. Meanwhile, customary international law determines the termination of diplomatic relations. Keywords: diplomatic relations, international agreements, states.
The Role of the WTO in Maintaining Global Trade Stability : Between Protectionism and Liberalization Policies Zeis Zultaqawa; Mohamad Donie Aulia; Yaumi Sidik Ginanjar; Mohammad Husni Syam; Wahyudi Wahyudi
Jurnal Riset Rumpun Ilmu Sosial, Politik dan Humaniora Vol. 4 No. 2 (2025): Jurnal Riset Rumpun Ilmu Sosial, Politik dan Humaniora
Publisher : Pusat Riset dan Inovasi Nasional

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55606/jurrish.v4i2.4728

Abstract

The World Trade Organization (WTO) acts as the main institution in regulating the global trading system based on the principles of fairness and openness. However, in practice, protectionist challenges arising from large countries, such as in the trade conflict between the United States and China, hamper economic liberalization efforts and create instability in the global market. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the WTO's role in facing these protectionism challenges. The method used is normative juridical with a qualitative approach, which includes analysis of WTO regulations and policies, as well as a comparative approach to examine the impact of protectionism in several countries. Data were obtained through literature study of academic sources and relevant international legal documents. The results show that policy harmonization between the WTO and its member countries is needed to maintain the stability of the multilateral trading system. In addition, reforms to the WTO dispute settlement mechanism are crucial to make it more adaptive to global geopolitical dynamics. Developing countries are advised to improve competitiveness through market diversification and strengthening economic diplomacy to remain relevant in the changing international trade architecture.