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Lingkungan dan Lansekap Situs Kampung Kuno Kao: Faktor Determinasi Permukiman dan Pusat Islamisasi di Halmahera Utara Handoko, Wuri; Mujabuddawat, Muhammad Al
KALPATARU Vol 26, No 2 (2017)
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi Nasional

Abstract. Kao Old Village Site, is a fairly developed settlement site during the early Islamization in the hinterland of North Halmahera. Environmental and landscape characteristics Watersheds, wetlands and agricultural lands are the reasons for the selection of past settlement sites, especially early in the development of Islam in the North Halmahera region. This study focuses on archaeological surveys to look at archeological data relationships both artefactual and features as well as the environment, which explains that the carrying capacity of the environment in the Old Kao Kampug Site is a factor determining the rapid progress of a region to live. The results showed that based on the distribution and density of archaeological remains, the Kao Old Village Site is a fairly dense settlement site, in addition to the environmental carrying capacity to be the source of production and economic resources, a factor that determines the development of the region as a residential area. Environmental data indicate the existence of a very advanced source of production and economic population, even part of the process of exchange and commerce with other outside areas in the chain of trade and network Islamization in the region of North Halmahera. In addition to landscape or landscape conditions, it is an environmental characteristic in the spatial distribution process, which shows the prevailing patterns and cultural systems of society, and this shows that the cultural traits of the community at that time were prosperous.Abstrak. Situs Kampung Tua Kao merupakan situs permukiman yang cukup berkembang pada masa awal Islamisasi di wilayah pedalaman Halmahera Utara. Karakteristik lingkungan dan lansekap Daerah Aliran Sungai, lahan basah, dan lahan pertanian merupakan alasan pemilihan lokasi permukiman penduduk pada masa lampau, terutama masa awal perkembangan Islam di wilayah Halmahera Utara. Kajian ini menitikberatkan pada survei arkeologi untuk melihat hubungan data arkeologi baik artefaktual maupun fitur serta lingkungan, yang menjelaskan bahwa daya dukung lingkungan di wilayah Situs Kampug Tua Kao merupakan faktor yang menentukan maju pesatnya suatu wilayah untuk bermukim. Hasil penelitian berdasarkan sebaran dan kepadatan temuan arkeologi menunjukkan Situs Kampung Tua Kao merupakan situs permukiman yang cukup padat. Selain itu, daya dukung lingkungan yang menjadi sumber produksi dan sumber ekonomi menjadi faktor yang sangat menentukan berkembangnya wilayah ini sebagai wilayah permukiman penduduk. Data lingkungan menunjukkan adanya sumber produksi dan ekonomi penduduk yang sangat maju, bahkan menjadi bagian dari proses pertukaran dan perniagaan dengan wilayah-wilayah lainnya dalam mata rantai perdagangan dan jaringan Islamisasi di wilayah Halmahera Utara. Kondisi bentang lahan atau lansekap yang merupakan karakteristik lingkungan dalam proses distribusi ruang menunjukkan pola dan sistem budaya masyarakat yang berlaku, dan hal ini menunjukkan ciri budaya masyarakat pada masa itu sudah sangat berkembang.

Aktualisasi Hasil Penelitian Arkeologi di Maluku Refleksi Arkeologi Maluku Tentang Pluralisme, Integrasi Sosial, Demokrasi, Dan Kedaulatan Bangsa. Handoko, Wuri
KALPATARU Vol 21, No 2 (2012)
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi Nasional

Ada pelajaran berharga untuk bangsa ini tentang pemahaman atas pluralisme, demokrasidan integritas kebangsaan yang sesungguhnya menjadi identitas nasional bangsa kita. Fenomena kebudayaan masa lampau yang dapat kita jamah melalui bukti-bukti tinggalan arkeologi, nilainilaifilofosis dan budaya yang telah kita interpretasikan sesungguhnya mampu menjadi jembatan reintegrasi sosial sebagai bagian dalam membangun kedaulatan bangsa. Maluku, sebagai wilayah yang masyarakatnya majemuk dan pernah memiliki pengalaman pahit konflik sosial, adalah wilayah dengan potensi arkeologi yang berlimpah, dan dari yang berlimpah itu masih sebagian kecil saja yang sudah terungkap. Dari kecilnya data arkeologi yang terungkap, ternyata meyimpan makna dan nilai-nilai humanisme, pluralisme, demokrasi, yang telah berurat berakar yang bisa menjadi media membangun kemanusiaan yang lebih beradab, perdamaian, toleransi, persaudaraan, yang meskipun sempat tercerabut, tidak sampai merusak akarnya, yang jika ditanam kembali dengan baik, mampu bertumbuh dan berkembang sebagai modal membangun peradaban bangsa yang lebih maju dan bermartabat. Abstract. There is a valuable lesson for this nation about the understanding of pluralism, democracy, and national integrity, which are actually the national characteristics of our nation. The phenomenon of past culture that we can obtain through archaeological evidences, philosophical and cultural values that we have interpreted can serve as the bridge of social re-integration as part of our effort to build national sovereignty. The Moluccas, as an area with multi-dimensional communities and has unfortunately experienced social conflicts, is an area with abundant archaeological potencies. Out of the abundant potencies, only a small part has been revealed, and it contains meanings and values of humanism, pluralism, and democracy, which are deeply rooted and can be used as the media to build more civilized humanity, peace, tolerance, and brotherhood, which had been once destroyed although not entirely perished and if we rebuild them they will grow and flourish as the base to establish more advanced and dignified national civilization.

Perniagaan dan Islamisasi Di Wilayah Maluku Handoko, Wuri
KALPATARU Vol 22, No 1 (2013)
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi Nasional

Abstrak. Perdagangan dan Islamisasi di wilayah Maluku, merupakan kajian yang saling berkaitan, sebagaimana kajian Islam di wilayah Nusantara lainnya. Proses Islamisasi di wilayah Maluku selain karena perluasan kekuasaan, juga perluasan perdagangan akibat persaingan menguasasi jaringan ekonomi. Perluasan ekonomi melalui jaringan perniagaan, adalah salah satu strategi para mubaligh dalam memperluas atau menyebarkan Islam. Dalam berbagai literatur disebutkan, bahwa para mubaligh, juga didominasi oleh pedagang, artinya mubaligh sekaligus pedagang. Dalam konteks perdangan dan Islamisasi, perdagangan semakin berkembang ketika lembaga Islam terbentuk, selanjutnya terjalin jaringan niaga antar kerajaan. Melalui kajian studi pustaka, tulisan ini berusaha menjelaskan masalah tersebut. Wilayah yang menjadi fokus perhatian kajian ini adalah wilayah Maluku Tengah, hal ini mengingat wilayah ini merupakan wilayah penyebaran Islam terbesar yang berasal dari pusat kekuasaan Islam di Maluku Utara. Perjalanan panjang sejarah terbentuknya jejaring perdagangan internasional di kawasan Maluku ini.Abstract. Trade and Islamization in Moluccas. Trade and Islamization in Moluccas, a study of the interrelationship Islam studies in other parts of the archipelago. The process of Islamization in the Moluccas in addition to the expansion of the power of embarrassment, also dominate the expansion of trade due to the competition of economic network. Economic expansion through commercial networks, is also one of the preachers strategy in expanding or spreading Islam. Mentioned in the literature, that the preachers, which are also dominated by traders, meaning that traders preachers as well. In the context of Islamization and commerce, growing trade when Islamic institutions are formed, further established trade networks between the kingdom. Through the study of literature, this paper attempts to explain. The questions that are the focus of this study is a concern in the region of Central Moluccas, it is because the region is the area of greatest spread of Islam from the Muslim power center in North Moluccas.

GERAK NIAGA MALUKU-PAPUA ZONA EKONOMI DAN KEKUASAAN ISLAM Handoko, Wuri
Jurnal Penelitian Arkeologi Papua dan Papua Barat Vol 2, No 1 (2010): Juni 2010
Publisher : BALAI ARKEOLOGI PAPUA

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Moluccas and of Papua, geographically bunch up and have potency of good natural resource. In Region Moluccas, standing centers power of Islam which consist of Ternate, Tidore, Bacan and Jailolo (Moluko Kie Raha). History note, extension of power of Islam from one of the empire of that Islam till to region of Papua. Archaeological data also prove the existence of influence of Islam in region of Papua. Extension of Moluccan Islam to Papua, representing the effort which braid to braid with activity of trading. Of Moluccas region till to Papua, woke up by economic zona to strengthen and formation of trade network, at the same time as effort maintain and widen power of Islam.

DOLMEN ORANG MALUKU: EKSISTENSI RELIGI, ADAT DAN INTEGRASI SOSIAL (Tinjauan Etnoarkeologi) Handoko, Wuri
Jurnal Penelitian Arkeologi Papua dan Papua Barat Vol 1, No 2 (2009): November 2009
Publisher : BALAI ARKEOLOGI PAPUA

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Dolmen for the Moluccans is a symbol of their ancestor’s rites which up until now is remained functioned. Today every person in the village uses dolmen as a medium for their rites. While the community as a whole use dolmen as a medium for traditional ceremony such as king accession and other ceremonies. An Ethnoarchaeological approach is used to identify the meaning and function of dolmen for today’s community as an interpretation for the past.

Perkembangan Islam di Pulau Ambalau: Kajian atas Data Arkeologi dan Tradisi Makam Islam Berundak Handoko, Wuri
Kapata Arkeologi Vol. 8 No. 1, Juli 2012
Publisher : Balai Arkeologi Maluku

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24832/kapata.v8i1.177

AbstrakKajian terhadap perkembangan Islam salah satunya menyangkut apek karakteristik Islam dapat dilihat melalui lensa arkeologi berdasarkan temuan artefak maupun fitur. Dalam aspek budaya material tersebut, dapat memperlihatkan perkembangan nilai budaya yang terkandung dalam konteks sistem dan transformasi nilai budaya sejak masa lampau hingga kini. Data arkeologi yang menunjukkan karakter megalitis hingga data arkeologi Islam serta tradisi keagamaan yang berlaku pada mayarakat Ambalau, memberikan gambaran tentang perkembangan religi mayarakat lokal sejak kepercayaan atau religi masa prasejarah hingga munculnya Islam. Dari data arkeologi dan tradisi yang masih bertahan, memberikan gambaran bahwa agama Islam berkembang dengan tetap mengakomodir kepercayaan lokal yang berbasis pada kepercayaan terhadap leluhur. Bentuk makam kuno berundak, adalah salah satu wujud material budaya yang menggambarkan bahwa masyarakat sangat menghormati leluhur. AbstractThe study on the development of Islam one of which involves stale Islamic characteristics can be seen through the lens based on the findings of archaeological artifacts and features. In the aspect of material culture, can show the development of cultural values embodied in the context of the system and transformation of cultural values from the past until now. Archaeological data indicate that the data character megalitis Islamic archeology and religious traditions prevailing in society Ambalau, gives an overview of the development of local people’s religious beliefs or religious since prehistoric times until the advent of Islam. Of archaeological data and traditions still survive, giving the impression that Islam evolved with fixed accommodate local beliefs based on trust towards ancestors. The shape of an ancient tomb staircase, is one manifestation of cultural material that illustrates that the community is honoring ancestors.

Tradisi Nisan Menhir pada Makam Kuno Raja-raja di Wilayah Kerajaan Hitu Handoko, Wuri
Kapata Arkeologi Vol. 10 No. 1, Juli 2014
Publisher : Balai Arkeologi Maluku

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24832/kapata.v10i1.216

The Tradition of menhir headstone is an ancient tomb tradition by using a grave form of menhir stones. This tradition is a form of the tradition continues, as menhirs are upright stones as a sign of respect for ancestors in the megalithic tradition. This study aims to explain the tradition of Islamic tombs of the kings in the Kingdom Hitu since the beginning of the Islamic conversion and development period and how the megalithic tradition in the form of Islamic tomb when people have to convert Islam as a religion. This study was conducted using a survey to gather information and describe the forms of ancient Islamic tomb kings Hitu in central Moluccas. The results show though Islam has been adopted as the royal religion or public religion, characterized mengkonveris leaders of Islam, but confidence in the ancestor as local pre-Islamic religious understanding develops, still adhered to and maintained. Tomb tombstone shape using menhir, is one form of continuity megalithic tradition in the episode acceptance of Islam by the public since the beginning of its development, until the establishment of the Islamic government to appear in the king institutions Hitu region.Tradisi nisan menhir adalah, tradisi makam kuno dengan menggunakan tanda kubur berupa batu menhir. Tradisi ini merupakan bentuk tradisi berlanjut, karena menhir adalah batu tegak sebagai tanda penghormatan terhadap leluhur dalam tradisi megalitik. Penelitian ini bertujuan menjelaskan tradisi makam Islam raja-raja di Kerajaan Hitu sejak awal konversi Islam dan masa perkembangannya serta bagaimana tradisi megalitik pada bentuk makam Islam ketika masyarakat sudah mengkonversi Islam sebagai agamanya. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode survey untuk mengumpulkan informasi dan mendeskripsikan bentuk-bentuk makam kuno Islam raja-raja Hitu di Maluku tengah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan meskipun Islam telah dianut sebagai agama kerajaan atau agama publik, ditandai para pemimpinnya mengkonveris agama Islam, namun kepercayaan terhadap leluhur sebagai paham religi lokal sebelum Islam berkembang, masih tetap dianut dan dipertahankan. Bentuk makam dengan menggunakan nisan menhir, merupakan salah satu bentuk kontinuitas tradisi megalitik dalam episode penerimaan Islam oleh masyarakat sejak awal perkembangannya, hingga masa terbentuknya pemerintahan Islam dengan muncul lembaga raja di wilayah Hitu.

Islamicization Strategies in Kao Ancient Village, North Halmahera Handoko, Wuri; Mujabuddawat, Muhammad Al; Whittaker, Joss
Kapata Arkeologi Vol. 14 Iss. 1, July 2018
Publisher : Balai Arkeologi Maluku

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24832/kapata.v14i1.507

Situs permukiman Kampung kuno Kao terletak di pedalaman Halmahera Utara, berdiri di atas tanah yang relatif basah diapit oleh sungai Aer Kalak, Ake Ngoali, dan Ake Jodo dan dikelilingi oleh hutan sagu dan rawa. Kondisi permukiman di situs ini membuatnya memiliki keterbatasan ruang hunian, namun orang-orang yang menghuni Kampung kuno Kao bermukim di wilayah ini dalam jangka waktu yang relatif panjang, yaitu antara 100-200 tahun, dan bahkan tercatat dalam rekam sejarah bahwa wilayah Kao dahulu menjadi penyuplai makanan pokok Ternate. Penelitian ini bersifat deduktif, yaitu menyusun sebuah hipotesa yang kemudian diuji di lapangan. Metode pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini menggunakan metode observasi lapangan dan ekskavasi arkeologi. Ragam data arkeologi baik artefak maupun tradisi lisan yang diperoleh di lapangan kemudian dianalisa dengan merujuk pada sumber referensi yang relevan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Situs Kao merupakan permukiman yang cukup maju dan memiliki peran cukup penting sebagai wilayah pusat Islamisasi di Halmahera. Orang-orang di Kampung kuno Kao tinggal dalam waktu lama di satu lokasi didukung oleh sumber air dan potensi tanah-tanah pertanian menjadikan wilayah Kao sebagai bagian dari jaringan perdagangan yang ramai. Kao menjadi bagian dari strategi dalam penyebaran Islam ke wilayah-wilayah pedalaman lainnya, juga daerah-daerah pesisir di Halmahera Utara.The Kao Ancient Village settlement site is located in the hinterland of North Halmahera, standing on relatively wet ground flanked by the river Aer Kalak, Ake Ngoali, and Ake Jodo and surrounded by sago and swamp forests. The settlement conditions on the site make it limited for residential space, but a community of Kao people settled in this area for a relatively long period of time between 100-200 years and even recorded in history that Kao region is the main food supplier for Ternate in the past. This research conducted surface surveys and limited excavations, then mapped the areas of artifactual findings, and identified patterns of spatial use by analyzing surface features and artifact scatters. Variety of archeological data both artifacts and oral traditions are then analyzed guided by relevant reference sources. The results show that Kao Site is an advanced settlement and has a significant role as the center of Islamicization in Halmahera. The Kao people settled for a long time in one location supported by water sources and the potential of farming lands making the Kao area a part of bustling trade networks. Kao became part of a strategy in spreading Islam to other inland areas, as well as coastal areas in North Halmahera.

"Gawe kuta baluwarti bata kalawan kawis"; Contribution of local knowledge to the expansion of the Banten Sultanate on the Nusantara spice route Rismawidiawati, Rismawidiawati; Handoko, Wuri; Tabroni, Roni; Hamid, Abd. Rahman; Subair, Muh.
Wacana, Journal of the Humanities of Indonesia Vol. 24, No. 3
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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So far, the trade and spice route historiography has focused on social, political, and economic aspects. This discussion is also fragmentarily or is part of another focus. No studies have discussed the relationship between local knowledge practices, spice routes, power networks, and Islamization. However, the spice trade and Islamization are two intersecting events important for their connection with the local culture. This article assumes that there was a local knowledge used as a strategy by the Banten rulers as a response to trade, Islamization, and power networks in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. It finds that Sultan Maulana Yusuf’s policy, known as “gawe kuta baluwarti bata kalawan kawis”, was a local knowledge that continued to be used by Banten rulers throughout the sixteenth-seventeenth centuries. This local knowledge was transformed from its literal meaning of “building cities and fortresses from bricks and corals” into a metaphor representing development that considered the duality of Banten’s potential. This local knowledge became the foundation stone for the strategies of Banten’s rulers until Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa to respond the challenges posed by the trade, power network, and Islamization. This application of the local knowledge carried the Banten Sultanate to its peak of advancement during the reign of Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa (1651-1682). In his sponsorship of this local knowledge, the ruler of the Banten appears as a technocrat, trader, scholar, leader, and ruler who paved the way for the expansion of the Banten Sultanate. This local knowledge was passed down from generation to generation and remains the local knowledge of the Banten people today. This study reconstructs the historiography of the existing spice route by according local knowledge (gawe kuta baluwarti bata kalawan kawis), the leading role in shaping the expansion of the Banten Sultanate in the century of the spice trade and the extension of the spice route.

KARAKTERISTIK ARSITEKTUR MASJID KUNO DAN PERKEMBANGAN ISLAM DI MALUKU Handoko, Wuri
AMERTA Vol. 31 No. 1 (2013)
Publisher : Penerbit BRIN (BRIN Publishing)

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Abstrak: Masjid adalah produk rancang bangun, yang menandai bagaimana Islam bekembang disuatu wilayah. Hal ini karena masjid adalah penanda atau bukti utama keberadaan Islam di lingkunganmasyarakat. Dari bentuk arsitektur masjid juga dapat memberikan gambaran, darimana pengaruh Islamberasal. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif, dengan data utama berupa deskripsi arsitekturmasjid untuk melihat perkembangan Islam di wilayah Maluku.Selain itu juga melihat karakteristikmasjid kuno di Maluku, yang dapat memperlihatkan ciri spesifik masjid kuno di Maluku, sekaliguskemungkinan makna simbolik dari karakteristik masjid itu sendiri.Kata Kunci: Arsitektur, Masjid, Karakteristik, Islam, Maluku. Abstract. Characteristics of Ancient Mosque Architecture and Development of Islam in theMoluccas. The mosque is a product design, which marks how Islam is developing in a region. Thisis because the mosque is the main evidence of the existence of Islam in society. The architecture ofthe mosque can also give us an idea, where the influence of Islam came. This research is qualitative,whose main data is The Moluccas mosque architecture. I Use it to see the development of Islam in theMoluccas, and to the characteristics of the ancient mosque in the region, It can show specific traits ofancient mosques in the Moluccas, as well as the possibility of symbolic meaning. Keywords: Architecture, Mosques, Characteristics, Islam, Moluccas.

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