Diajeng Wulan Christianti, Diajeng Wulan
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Why We Need Erga Omnes Character for Obligations to Combat Impunity for International Crimes? Christianti, Diajeng Wulan
PADJADJARAN Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law) Vol 4, No 2 (2017): PADJADJARAN Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law)
Publisher : Faculty of Law, Padjadjaran University

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Abstract

International law has recognized certain crimes as international crimes or the most serious crimes. However, it is arguable whether the prohibitions of international crimes that have reached the status of jus cogens carry with it the duty to combat impunity that has same legal consequences as jus cogens namely non-derogable and universal. In Barcelona Traction Case Judgment, ICJ purported the concept of erga omnes obligations that are obligations toward international community as whole and enables all states to establish their rights of protection in the case of the breach of obligations. Although the Court exemplified four examples of erga omnes obligations that generally reflect the prohibitions of certain international crimes, the relationship between jus cogens and erga omnes remains unclear. This article thus examines this relationship since it conceives as necessary element to determine the superior status of erga omnes obligations to combat impunity in international law. This status is significant for enforcing international criminal law and promoting global justice. The article aims to determine theoretically the added values of having erga omnes character. Mengapa Kita Membutuhkan Karakter Erga Omnes sebagai  Kewajiban dalam Memerangi Impunitas untuk Kejahatan Internasional?  AbstrakHukum internasional telah mengakui kejahatan tertentu sebagai kejahatan internasional atau kejahatan paling serius. Namun, terdapat perdebatan terkait larangan kejahatan internasional yang telah mencapai status jus cogens membawa serta tugas untuk memerangi impunitas yang memiliki konsekuensi hukum yang sama dengan jus cogens yang tidak dapat dikurangi dan universal. Mahkamah Internasional melalui Putusan Kasus Barcelona Traction mengakui konsep kewajiban erga omnes yang merupakan kewajiban terhadap masyarakat internasional secara keseluruhan dan memungkinkan semua negara untuk menetapkan hak perlindungan mereka dalam kasus pelanggaran kewajiban. Meskipun Mahkamah menyertakan empat contoh kewajiban erga omnes yang umumnya mencerminkan larangan kejahatan internasional tertentu, hubungan antara jus cogens dan erga omnes tetap tidak jelas. Dengan demikian, artikel ini akan menguji keterkaitan tersebut karena mengandung unsur yang diperlukan untuk menentukan status superior kewajiban erga omnes untuk memerangi impunitas dalam hukum internasional. Status ini penting untuk menegakkan hukum pidana internasional dan mempromosikan keadilan global. Selain itu, artikel ini pun bertujuan untuk mengetahui secara teoritis nilai tambah karakter erga omnes. Kata kunci: erga omnes, hak asasi manusia, impunitas, kejahatan internasional, jus cogens. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22304/pjih.v4n2.a8
Analisa Kejahatan Penyelundupan Manusia Berdasarkan Smuggling of Migrants Protocol Ditinjau dari Perspektif Perlindungan Pencari Suaka: Studi Kasus Pengungsi Rohingnya Christianti, Diajeng Wulan
PADJADJARAN Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law) Vol 3, No 3 (2016): PADJADJARAN Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law)
Publisher : Faculty of Law, Padjadjaran University

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Abstrak Eksodus besar-besaran etnis muslim Rohingya keluar Myanmar kembali terjadi sebagai akibat dilakukannya pembakaran desa, eksekusi, hingga pemerkosaan oleh militer Myanmar di Rakhine. Meskipun mereka harus rela membayar mahal, cara penyelundupan manusia kerap mereka gunakan karena cara formal untuk bisa masuk ke negara lain tidak dimungkinkan. Tindakan penyelundupan manusia adalah tindak pidana dalam Smuggling Protocol di mana negara-negara yang disinggahi pengungsi Rohingya seperti Thailand, Bangladesh, bahkan Indonesia telah menjadi negara pihak. Akibatnya, Pemerintah Thailand dan Bangladesh kerap menangkap pengungsi Rohingya yang masuk ke negaranya bahkan mengusir mereka untuk kembali ke Myanmar. Padahal, sebagai pencari suaka yang terancam persekusi, etnis Rohingya dilindungi oleh hukum Hak Asasi Manusia khususnya prinsip non-refoulement. Artikel ini menganalisa dilema antara aturan Smuggling Protokol yang bertujuan mencegah dan menegakan hukum atas terjadinya kejahatan penyelundupan manusia dengan kewajiban memberikan pengaman untuk melindungi hak-hak para pengungsi yang terancam persekusi. Artikel ini berkesimpulan bahwa meskipun Smuggling Protocol mampu untuk memberikan keseimbangan antara penegakan hukum kejahatan perlindungan manusia dan perlindungan pencari suaka, akan tetapi pada akhirnya semua tergantung dari keinginan negara untuk menerapkan Smuggling Protocol tersebut melalui aturan implementasi yang jelas namun proporsional. An Analysis of Smuggling of Migrants under Smuggling Protocol from Asylum Seeker Protection Perspective: Case Study Rohingya   Abstract Again, thousands of Rohingya flee Myanmar to escape persecution after they saw their homes burned down, their family executed, and also suffered rape and torture by the Myanmar’s Military. In order to flee to Thailand or Bangladesh, Rohingyas often resort to using people smugglers and have to pay large amount of money. It is the only option left for desperate Rohingyas trying to save their lives. Smuggling of Migrants is criminal act under Smuggling Protocol. Thai and Bangladesh authorities (which are state parties to Protocol) often detained the Rohingyas for illegal entrance or expelled them back to Burmese government. The state parties of the Smuggling Protocol are obliged to investigate and prosecute the smugglers as well as to prevent and suppress the crimes. Nevertheless, asylum seekers fearing of persecution are protected under international human rights law including the principle of non-refoulement. This paper thus examines whether the Smuggling Protocol can solve the aforementioned dilemma by providing adequate refugee rights safeguards. This paper concludes that whilst the Smuggling Protocol has potential to do such, its application ultimately depends on the will of the State parties to apply the Protocol through proportionate yet clear implementing regulations. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22304/pjih.v3.n3.a3
Yurisdiksi International Criminal Court (ICC) terhadap Warga Negara Non-Pihak Statuta Roma dan Dampaknya bagi Indonesia Christianti, Diajeng Wulan
PADJADJARAN Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law) Vol 2, No 1 (2015): PADJADJARAN Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law)
Publisher : Faculty of Law, Padjadjaran University

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Prinsip pacta tertiis nec nocent nec prosunt menegaskan bahwa perjanjian internasional tidak melahirkan kewajiban dan hak bagi negara ketiga tanpa adanya consent. Tulisan ini akan mengkaji persoalan jurisdiksi International Criminal Court (ICC) terhadap warga negara non-pihak Statuta Roma dihubungkan dengan prinsip di atas dan dampaknya terhadap Indonesia. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa tidak ada pelanggaran hukum perjanjian internasional dalam hal  kewenangan ICC mengadili warga negara non-pihak meskipun tidak ada consent dari negara non-pihak tersebut. Fakta Indonesia bukan negara pihak Statuta Roma tidak lantas menghalangi warga negara Indonesia untuk diadili dimuka ICC.The Jurisdiction of International Criminal Court over Non-party States and Its Implication to Indonesia AbstractPrinciple of pacta tertiis nec nocent nec prosunt underlines that a treaty does not create either obligations or rights for a third State without its consent. This paper examines International Criminal Court’s (ICC) jurisdiction over nationals of non-state parties according to the said Principle and its implications for Indonesia. The research shows that ICC’s jurisdiction over nationals of non-state parties, without their consent, does not violate the law of treaty. Consequently, the fact that Indonesia is not party to ICC does not hamper the Court’s power to prosecute Indonesian nationals.Keywords: ICC, Rome Statute, non- state party, jurisdiction, international treaty.DOI: https://doi.org/10.22304/pjih.v2n1.a3
The “Modern” Concept of Erga Omnes to Establish the Obligation of Impunity Eradication: Towards the Primacy Jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court Christianti, Diajeng Wulan
PADJADJARAN Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law) Vol 5, No 2 (2018): PADJADJARAN JURNAL ILMU HUKUM (JOURNAL OF LAW)
Publisher : Faculty of Law, Padjadjaran University

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AbstractDespite the fact that there is no universally accepted definition, international crimes are related closely to civilian casualties and mass destruction, armed conflict, patriotism, and involvement of state. Consequently, domestic jurisdictions often fail to prosecute perpetrators, leaving international law enforcement as the only option for accountability. However, international law remains incarcerated within state-centric image. In the absence of their consent, states do not perceive that they have a duty to prosecute perpetrators of international crimes. This situation triggers impunity. On the other hand, there is a long-standing recognition of jus cogens as a universal and superior norm and the concept of erga omnes obligation for violation on important rights. These two concepts are based on the interest of ‘the whole international community’. All states are required to comply the concepts despite of their willingness to be bound by these concepts. This study was conducted to identify the characters of erga omnes obligation and to examine the possibilities of their application to prosecute international crimes. It also discusses the difficulties of the current erga omnes concept to enforce obligation of impunity eradication, especially for International Criminal Court (ICC). As the one and only permanent international criminal court, ICC received accusations and criticisms for being ‘a selective justice’. Hence, this study puts forward a ‘modern’ erga omnes concept as shift of paradigm from ‘state sovereignty’ to ‘humanity-based approach’. This modern concept is a significant theoretical foundation for the primacy jurisdiction of the ICC because this primacy is the only option that the ICC can apply universally to achieve global justice.AbstrakMeskipun tidak ada definisi yang disepakati secara internasional, kejahatan internasional seringkali dikaitkan dengan korban sipil, kehancuran luar biasa, konflik bersenjata dan semangat patriotisme serta keterlibatan negara. Akibatnya, hukum nasional seringkali gagal dalam menuntut pelaku sehingga mekanisme internasional menjadi satu-satunya cara untuk menuntut pertanggungjawaban pidana pelaku. Namun, hukum internasional masih terpenjara dalam sistem yang terpusat pada negara, sehingga tanpa adanya kesepakatan, negara tidak merasa harus patuh pada kewajiban untuk menuntut pelaku. Hal ini melahirkan iklim impunitas. Sementara itu, hukum internasional sejak lama telah mengakui keberadaan sebuah norma yang universal dan superior yakni jus cogens serta konsep kewajiban erga omnes sebagai sebuah konsekuensi pelanggaran dari suatu “hak-hak yang penting”. Kedua konsep hukum tersebut mendasarkan pada kepentingan masyarakat internasional secara keseluruhan sehingga mengharuskan semua negara untuk patuh terlepas dari keinginan mereka untuk terikat atau tidak dengan norma tersebut. Artikel ini mengidentifikasi karakter dari kewajiban erga omnes dan menelaah apakah karakter tersebut terpenuhi dalam sifat dari kewajiban untuk menghapuskan impunitas. Artikel ini kemudian memaparkan kesulitan-kesulitan yang dihadapi bagi konsep erga omnes saat ini dalam perannya menegakkan kewajiban untuk menghapuskan impunitas khususnya bagi International Criminal Court (ICC) untuk berlaku universal. Sebagai satu-satunya mahkamah pidana internasional permanen, ICC telah mendapat banyak kritikan karena dianggap masih “pilih-pilih” dalam menerapkan keadilan. Artikel ini menawarkan konsep erga omnes ‘modern’ sebagai dasar untuk merubah paradigma dari pendekatan berbasis kedaulatan negara menjadi berbasis umat manusia. Konsep modern ini dapat menjadi landasan teori bagi ICC untuk memberlakukan primacy jurisdiction kepada seluruh negara dan mewujudkan keadilan global. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22304/pjih.v5n2.a1
THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A VIRTUAL EMBASSY ACCORDING TO THE 1961 VIENNA CONVENTION ON DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS: THE CASE OF BARBADOS’ METAVERSE EMBASSY Zhahira, Tsabita; Christianti, Diajeng Wulan
Jurnal Bina Mulia Hukum Vol. 8 No. 1 (2023): Jurnal Bina Mulia Hukum Volume 8 Nomor 1 September 2023
Publisher : Faculty of Law Universitas Padjadjaran

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23920/jbmh.v8i1.1336

Abstract

Through years of practice, embassies are considered the pillar of the diplomatic system, which faced developments of methods recently heavily influenced by internet optimization. It is reflected in the growing practices of non-physical embassies that raised the issue of whether or not those practices are consistent with the embassy's function under diplomatic law. By using method of normative legal research, qualitative methodology, and descriptive and comparative methods, This paper argues the difficulties of the performance of diplomatic mission function by non-physical embassies through the dimensions of efficiency laid down under the object and purpose of the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations 1961. It stands to prove the cumulativeness of the functions prescribed under Article 3 (1) of VCDR, arguing that the functions' performance is inefficient by only operating one or several functions. By this way of interpretation, the sole establishment of non-physical embassies, such as virtual embassies and especially metaverse embassies, is impractical due to their inability to perform several key functions of the diplomatic mission. It then clearly established that States cannot rely solely on establishing non-physical embassies and must seek alternative methods.
Legitimasi Pencabutan Kewarganegaraan dalam Hukum Hak Asasi Manusia Internasional: Studi Kasus di Nikaragua Simanjuntak, Calvin Paulus Marcelito; Christianti, Diajeng Wulan
Jurnal HAM Vol 16, No 2 (2025): August Edition
Publisher : Badan Strategi Kebijakan Hukum

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30641/ham.2025.16.111-134

Abstract

The right to nationality is a fundamental prerequisite for accessing other human rights, yet its arbitrary deprivation remains a critical concern under international law. This study examines Nicaragua’s Laws No. 1055 and 1145, which authorize the revocation of citizenship based on an expanded and ambiguous definition of "treason," encompassing peaceful political acts such as supporting international sanctions. This case demonstrates how nationality, often described as the "right to have rights," is weaponized for political purposes, revealing how the misuse of citizenship laws threatens the integrity of international human rights protections against statelessness. Specifically, the study investigates whether this definition justifies nationality deprivation under the standards of the 1961 Statelessness Convention and whether such measures violate the right to freedom of expression, as protected by Article 19 of the ICCPR. Utilizing a normative juridical approach, the research analyzes international legal instruments alongside Nicaraguan domestic law and incorporates secondary data from organizations such as UNHCR. The findings reveal that Nicaragua’s practices fail to satisfy the criteria of legality, necessity, and proportionality under international human rights law and instead constitute a form of political repression. Such measures not only undermine the purpose of the 1961 Statelessness Convention but also exemplify how nationality laws can be distorted to silence dissent. Therefore, this study underscores the urgent need for stronger international safeguards against arbitrary deprivation of nationality.
Indonesia’s Extraterritorial Obligation to Protect The Human Rights of Individuals from Transboundary Haze Pollution Bratajaya, Yogi; Christianti, Diajeng Wulan; Siswandi, Ahmad Gusman Catur
Indonesian Journal of International Law
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Ever since the late 1980s, forest fires located in Indonesia have resulted in haze pollution which engulfs the Southeast Asian region almost annually. This paper argues that Indonesia is extraterritorially obligated to ensure the human rights of individuals outside its territory as a result of its failure to prevent the haze pollution. It analyzes the extraterritorial application of Article 2(1) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), arguing that an individual whose human rights have been adversely affected by transboundary environmental harm is deemed ‘subject to the jurisdiction’ of the originating state. Applying this interpretation, individuals located outside Indonesia’s sovereign territory who have been adversely impacted by haze pollution may be deemed “subject to the jurisdiction” of Indonesia for the purpose of Article 2(1) of the ICCPR. Indonesia would thus be obligated by the ICCPR to ensure protect human rights by preventing and mitigating the transboundary haze pollution.