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All Journal Yustisia PADJADJARAN Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law) Jurnal Bina Mulia Hukum Padjadjaran Journal of International Law Indonesian Journal of International Law Jurnal HAM
Diajeng Wulan Christianti, Diajeng Wulan
Fakultas Hukum Universitas Padjadjaran
Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Social Sciences

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Legality of Iranian Embassy Bombing by Israel in Syria According to International Humanitarian Law Adeline Anindya Rusdianto; Diajeng Wulan Christianti
Yustisia Vol 14, No 3: December 2025
Publisher : Faculty of Law, Universitas Sebelas Maret

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/yustisia.v14i3.96626

Abstract

International Humanitarian Law (IHL) asserts that attacks can only be made against things that help the military and whose destruction gives the military an unambiguous advantage. In April 2024, Israel bombed the Iranian consulate within the embassy premises in Syria, claiming that the building served as a military objective, given Iran's persistent support for Hezbollah in its conflict with Israel and engaged in military activities within the consulate. This paper asserts that the legitimacy of Israel's attack hinges on two critical issues. First, in the ongoing armed conflict between Israel and Hezbollah, to what extent Iran can be legitimately targeted based on its support for Hezbollah. Second, whether Iran's consulate in Syria qualifies as a legitimate target under IHL and whether the attack satisfies the principle of proportionality. This paper concluded that IHL applies to Israel's bombing of the Iranian consulate, and Iran's support of Hezbollah in its conflict with Israel places it at risk of being targeted under IHL. However, this classification does not automatically validate the attack. There is no sufficient evidence to demonstrate that the attack was proportionate, as it targeted an object located in Syria, and the anticipated military advantage fails to justify the civilian casualties incurred.
Legitimasi Pencabutan Kewarganegaraan dalam Hukum Hak Asasi Manusia Internasional: Studi Kasus di Nikaragua Calvin Paulus Marcelito Simanjuntak; Diajeng Wulan Christianti
Jurnal HAM Vol 16 No 2 (2025): Edisi Agustus
Publisher : Badan Strategi Kebijakan Hukum

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30641/ham.2025.16.111-134

Abstract

The right to nationality is a fundamental prerequisite for accessing other human rights, yet its arbitrary deprivation remains a critical concern under international law. This study examines Nicaragua's Laws No. 1055 and 1145, which authorize the revocation of citizenship based on an expanded and ambiguous definition of "treason," encompassing peaceful political acts such as supporting international sanctions. This case demonstrates how nationality, often described as the "right to have rights," is weaponized for political purposes, revealing how the misuse of citizenship laws threatens the integrity of international human rights protections against statelessness. Specifically, the study investigates whether this definition justifies nationality deprivation under the standards of the 1961 Statelessness Convention and whether such measures violate the right to freedom of expression, as protected by Article 19 of the ICCPR. Utilizing a normative juridical approach, the research analyzes international legal instruments alongside Nicaraguan domestic law and incorporates secondary data from organizations such as UNHCR. The findings reveal that Nicaragua's practices fail to satisfy the criteria of legality, necessity, and proportionality under international human rights law and instead constitute a form of political repression. Such measures not only undermine the purpose of the 1961 Statelessness Convention but also exemplify how nationality laws can be distorted to silence dissent. Therefore, this study underscores the urgent need for stronger international safeguards against arbitrary deprivation of nationality.
Co-Authors Adeline Anindya Rusdianto Ahmad Risyad Sumartapraja Andreas Wilia Angela Jessica Desmonda Bratajaya, Yogi Calvin Paulus Marcelito Simanjuntak Chloryne Trie Isana Dewi Christyanti, B. Lora Dewi, Chloryne Trie Isana Gregory Joshua Manogar Iradhati Zahra Iradhati Zahra Irawati Handayani Jaka Hananta Rizkullah Simanjuntak, Calvin Paulus Marcelito Siswandi, Ahmad Gusman Catur Siti Rochmah Aga Desyana Zahra, Iradhati Zhahira, Tsabita