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All Journal Litera Lingual: Journal of Language and Culture
Ni Nyoman Tri Gitayani
Udayana University
Arts Humanities Education Languange, Linguistic, Communication & Media Social Sciences

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Code-Switching and Social Identity in NDX A.K.A Songs Entitled “Ngertenono Ati” and “Kimcil Kepolen” Ni Nyoman Tri Gitayani; Ni Putu Dian Angga Melani
Lingual: Journal of Language and Culture Vol. 18 No. 2 (2025): Lingual: Journal of Language and Culture
Publisher : English Department, Faculty of Humanities, Udayana University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24843/LJLC.2025.v18.i02.p12

Abstract

Songs are one of the most effective media for expressing feelings, thoughts, and even social phenomena, as reflected in the choice of vocabulary and language, including the use of language switching. It is described in popular local songs entitled Ngertenono Ati and Kimcil Kepolen, which were sung by NDX A.K.A. This research aims to explore how social representations are expressed through language switching. The data consist of the lyrics of both songs. The analysis was conducted qualitatively by using observation and note-taking techniques, based on Stockwell’s theory of code-switching and Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis. Both songs are primarily in Javanese. In Ngertono Ati Song, there are 23 data involving code-switching from Javanese into Indonesian and English. From these data, six data are classified as intrasentential switching, three data as intersentential switching, and 14 data as tag-switching. The song also employs rhythmic and metaphorical vocabulary to express the feelings of a heartbroken man while simultaneously demeaning a woman perceived as immoral. Meanwhile, in the Kimcil Kepolen Song, 15 data involve switching from Javanese into Indonesian and English. From these data, two data are identified as intersentential switching, 13 data are tag-switching, while intrasentential switching is not found. This song also features rhythmic, metaphorical, and sarcastic vocabulary that presents a portrayal of women as naughty, immoral, and materialistic.
Sanskrit action verbs ‘worship’ in the Bhagavad Gītā: A natural semantic metalanguage approach Ni Nyoman Tri Gitayani; Ni Luh Sutjiati Beratha; I Made Rajeg
LITERA Vol. 25 No. 2: LITERA (JULY 2026)
Publisher : Faculty of Languages, Arts, and Culture Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21831/ltr.v25i2.92471

Abstract

Abstract The semantic understanding of Sanskrit action verbs of worship involves nuances of meaning that frequently overlap, reflecting significant cultural and religious values in Hindu practices worldwide. Despite growing interest in Sanskrit linguistic studies due to the structural and functional complexity of its verbal system, semantic analyses that specifically focus on worship verbs using the semantic primes framework remain limited. Therefore, this research examines Sanskrit action verbs ‘worship’ through the framework of Wierzbicka’s Natural Semantic Metalanguage approach, supported by van Valin and Lapolla’s semantic macroroles theory as the methodological combination that has rarely been applied to Classical Sanskrit texts. The data were taken from Chapters IX, X, and XI of the Bhagavad Gītā and were collected through documentation and note-taking techniques, subsequently analyzed using qualitative methods. The findings revealed several Sanskrit action verbs related to acts of ‘worship’, namely upāsate, bhajante, praṇamya, gṛṇanti, and stuvanti, which are classified under the types DO, DO and MOVE, also DO and SAY. In addition, the semantic macroroles of actor and undergoer were identified across the data, which are indicated as AGENT, RECIPIENT, and GOAL. The findings carry significant implications for both cultural and semantic inquiry, deepening understanding of how ‘worship’ is conceptualized in Hindu thought and indicating the potential to expand the application of NSM and semantic macroroles across languages worldwide.
Co-Authors I MADE RAJEG Ni Luh Sutjiati Beratha Ni Putu Dian Angga Melani Sang Ayu Isnu Maharani