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All Journal Unnes Political Science Journal Journal of Political Issues International Journal of Law and Public Policy (IJLAPP) Journal of Humanities and Social Science (JHASS) Journal of Strategic and Global Studies Journal of Terrorism Studies Global: Jurnal Politik Internasional International Review of Humanities Studies Journal Middle East and Islamic Studies Academic Journal of Psychology and Counseling Efficient: Indonesian Journal of Development Economics Unnes Political Science Journal
Lee, Brice Tseen Fu
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Arts Humanities Economics, Econometrics & Finance Education Health Professions Languange, Linguistic, Communication & Media Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Library & Information Science Neuroscience Physics Social Sciences Other

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An Alternative to the Liberal World Order: China, BRICS, and Middle East Diplomacy Lee, Brice Tseen Fu; Kornphetcharat, Kotchaphop; Sims, Juan Pablo
Journal Of Middle East and Islamic Studies Vol. 12, No. 1
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Abstract

This paper explores how China and BRICS are emerging as strategic alternatives to the liberal international order, particularly in the realm of diplomacy and mediation for periphery states in the Middle East. Drawing on a realist theoretical framework, the study argues that these platforms offer pragmatic, interest-based avenues for engagement that contrast sharply with the conditionalities and normative expectations of Western-led institutions. Through case studies such as China’s mediation in the Iran–Saudi Arabia normalization and the expansion of BRICS+ to include Middle Eastern actors, the paper demonstrates how sovereignty, non-interference, and multipolarity have become central organizing principles for a new diplomatic architecture. For periphery states traditionally excluded or constrained by the liberal order, BRICS and China provide critical tools to bargain, hedge, and enhance agency in an increasingly fragmented world.
SOFT POWER: BRICS CULTURAL DIPLOMACY AND THE REBALANCING OF GLOBAL NARRATIVES Lee, Brice Tseen Fu; Kornphetcharat, Kotchaphop; Sims, Juan Pablo
International Review of Humanities Studies Vol. 10, No. 2
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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BRICS has broadened its agenda beyond finance to cultivate soft power through coordinated cultural diplomacy. Examining official statements, press releases, and scholarly commentary on the bloc’s flagship film, sports, and ministerial initiatives, this article shows that cooperation is advancing from one-off spectacles toward structured, recurring institutions. Findings indicate two simultaneous dynamics: outwardly, BRICS venues amplify Global-South perspectives that diversify international cultural flows; inwardly, member states use the same platforms to signal national prestige, revealing persistent status competition. The result is an early but uneven cultural architecture—one that counters Euro-Atlantic narrative dominance yet has not crystallized into a fully coherent BRICS identity. The study argues that success will hinge on tighter media coordination and concrete, mutually beneficial projects capable of deepening collective resonance while balancing internal hierarchies.
The BRICS+ Expansion, Global Trade Dynamics, and the Dedollarization Phenomenon Lee, Brice Tseen Fu; Sims, Juan Pablo
Unnes Political Science Journal Vol. 8 No. 1 (2024)
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/upsj.v8i1.4432

Abstract

This paper delves into the transformative role of the expanded BRICS bloc, referred to as BRICS+, in the evolving global economic landscape and its implications for dedollarization. The inclusion of nations such as Ethiopia, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Egypt, and the UAE diversifies the bloc's economic and geopolitical reach, extending its influence into new regions like Africa and the Middle East. The study underscores the potential of BRICS+ as a catalyst in the dedollarization narrative, driven by the desire for economic autonomy, geopolitical strategies, and hedging against U.S. dollar volatility. The analysis further explores the intricate relationship between the BRICS+ expansion, global trade dynamics, and dedollarization. The paper concludes by emphasizing the potential of the BRICS+ bloc to reshape global trade dynamics, influence trade policies, establish new trade routes, and foster regional connectivity, all while advancing the agenda of a more diversified and multipolar economic world order.
Nusantara's Northern Neighbors: Brunei, Sabah, Sarawak, and the Prospects of a Pan-Borneo Railway in ASEAN Lee, Brice Tseen Fu; Sims, Juan Pablo; Ouyang, Hanzhen; Komšić, Filip; Bettani, Salman Ali
Unnes Political Science Journal Vol. 8 No. 2 (2024)
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/upsj.v8i2.12129

Abstract

Borneo, the world's third-largest island, presents a unique intersection of diverse ecosystems and indigenous cultures set within the complexities of Southeast Asia's socio-economic and geopolitical fabric. This research delves into the developmental trajectories of Sabah, Sarawak, and Brunei, emphasizing their historical resource endowments and contemporary challenges. Positioned against the backdrop of Indonesia's Nusantara initiative, which seeks to galvanize Kalimantan's growth, this study articulates strategic pathways for the northern territories. Drawing from comprehensive evaluations, it bridges the existing literature gap by integrating analyses of critical resources, exploring the viability of the Pan-Borneo Railway, and examining its potential impacts. Moreover, it provides comparative insights with other regional transport projects and underscores Borneo's potential transformation into a pivotal trade nexus. The study culminates by highlighting how fortifying Northern Borneo's capabilities could reciprocally amplify Kalimantan's regional prominence. The research underscores the need for collaborative imperatives and strategic integration.
Mendefinisikan Kembali Pembangunan Regional: Kasus untuk Bank Pembangunan ASEAN Lee, Brice Tseen Fu; Sims, Juan Pablo
Journal of Political Issues Vol 6 No 1 (2024): Journal of Political Issues
Publisher : Jurusan Ilmu Politik Universitas Bangka Belitung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33019/jpi.v6i1.160

Abstract

Amidst ASEAN's vibrant economic expansion lies an urgent need for a specialized financial institution—an ASEAN Development Bank (ASDB)—to harness and guide this growth. The region's dynamic diversity in development stages presents a unique opportunity for the ASDB to act as the catalyst for economic resilience and regional integration. This urgency is underscored by the potential for the ASDB to provide targeted financial strategies, directly addressing the specific challenges faced by member states. A robust and equitable governance structure will be crucial for the ASDB to facilitate strategic decision-making and sustainable development. The establishment of the ASDB is not just timely but imperative to ensure that ASEAN's economic growth is balanced, inclusive, and sustainable, positioning the region as an integrated, resilient economic powerhouse on the global stage.
The Interplay of Public Health, Politics, and Economics in COVID-19 Border Control Strategies: A Comparative Study of Brunei Darussalam, UK, China, Germany, and Australia Lee, Brice Tseen Fu; Asihaer, Ayidana; Sims, Juan Pablo; Ali, Salman
Unnes Political Science Journal Vol 7 No 2 (2023)
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/upsj.v7i2.75374

Abstract

This study investigates the effectiveness of border control in containing the spread of COVID-19. Through a literature review and discourse analysis, the study examines the pandemic response of China, the UK, Brunei Darussalam, Australia, and Germany, with a focus on their border control policies. The data collected suggests that countries with closed borders were more successful in dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic in terms of health statistics, such as the prevention of infection, hospitalization cases, and death rates. Effective domestic public health measures, including mask mandates and social distancing, were also found to be critical components of successful pandemic containment protocols. However, the study also highlights the impact of domestic and international relations and political perceptions on shaping each government’s pandemic response. The role of the economy was identified as the biggest factor contributing to the government decision to close their borders, with regime type considered to a certain extent as it allows for less pushback towards policy changes. Overall, the study suggests that a combination of effective domestic public health measures and border controls is critical to containing the spread of COVID-19.
Effect of the zero-covid policy on Chinese FDI inflows and government’s response: Has the Pandemic led to distinctive paradigm change in China’s hypergrowth approach to development? Demeure, Nicolas; Lee, Brice Tseen Fu
Journal of Strategic and Global Studies Vol. 6, No. 2
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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This study examines the effects of China's zero-covid policy on its economy and investigates whether the policy reflects a broader shift in the country's development paradigm. Employing a mixed-methods approach, we analyze key macroeconomic indicators, conduct case studies of strict lockdowns, perform textual analysis of official documents, and apply the concept of fragmented authoritarianism to explore the relationship between central and local governments. The findings indicate that while the zero-covid policy has had negative economic repercussions, China's response does not signify a major departure from its pre-pandemic development paradigm. The initial success of the policy in curbing the spread of the virus attracted foreign investment, but prolonged restrictions led to increasing uncertainty and economic costs. The textual analysis reveals no significant decline in focus on economic performance, suggesting that the pandemic has not markedly shifted the importance of economic growth in China's development paradigm. However, the examination of the fragmented authoritarianism network indicates that the policy may have served as a tool for reinforcing the central party's control over local governments. Overall, this research offers a comprehensive understanding of the implications of the zero-covid policy for China's economy and development trajectory, highlighting the need for a nuanced analysis of the policy's consequences in the context of a changing global landscape.
The Role of Mayors in Achieving Brunei Darussalam’s Wawasan 2035, Lessons from China Lee, Brice Tseen Fu; Asihaer, Ayidana; Sims, Juan Pablo
Journal of Strategic and Global Studies Vol. 7, No. 1
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Abstract

Brunei Darussalam's national vision, WAWASAN 2035, sets forth ambitious goals for the nation's development, emphasizing a centralized governance paradigm. However, the potential of decentralized governance, as exemplified by China's mayor-led districts, offers a compelling model for achieving national aspirations. This research explores the feasibility and potential benefits of introducing mayors in Brunei's districts, drawing insights from China's successful decentralized governance structure. By fostering inter-district competition and allowing for localized policy tailoring, Brunei can enhance its adaptability and responsiveness to local nuances. Drawing from China's experiences, this study provides a comprehensive understanding of how Brunei might optimize its governance structure to more effectively realize the goals enshrined in WAWASAN 2035.
The Security Dilemma and Arms Race Dynamics in Europe’s Response to the Russia-Ukraine Conflict Lee, Brice Tseen Fu; Komšić, Filip; Sims, Juan Pablo
Journal of Strategic and Global Studies Vol. 7, No. 2
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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This paper examines the escalation of military expenditures in Europe in response to the ongoing Russia-Ukraine conflict, through the lens of the security dilemma. The security dilemma, a fundamental concept in international relations, describes how the defensive actions of one state can provoke perceptions of threat among others, potentially leading to an arms race. By analyzing military spending data from 2019 to 2023 for key European countries including Estonia, Latvia, Poland, Azerbaijan, Russia, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, and the United Kingdom, both in absolute terms and as a percentage of GDP, this study highlights how nations closest to the conflict, such as Poland and the Baltic states (Estonia and Latvia), have significantly increased their defense budgets in reaction to perceived immediate threats. These increases are mirrored, albeit to a lesser extent, by major Western European powers and other countries in the region, reflecting a continent-wide trend in military buildup. The findings suggest that while these increases are primarily defensive in nature, they carry the risk of being misinterpreted as offensive postures by neighboring countries, thereby exacerbating the security dilemma. This paper argues for the necessity of enhanced diplomatic efforts to mitigate these risks. It advocates for the establishment of mechanisms that foster clear dialogue and mutual understanding to ensure that military enhancements contribute positively to regional stability rather than escalating tensions. Through the security dilemma, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of how European nations can navigate the complexities of increased military spending and regional security in turbulent times.
ASEAN Digital Economy Framework Agreement (DEFA): Implications for Digital Trade and Regional Economic Integration Lee, Brice Tseen Fu; Dinh, Linh Dieu; Sims, Juan Pablo; Bettani, Salman Ali
Journal of Strategic and Global Studies Vol. 8, No. 1
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Abstract

The ASEAN Digital Economy Framework Agreement (DEFA) represents a pivotal initiative in advancing regional digital integration and economic development. This paper explores DEFA's potential impacts on digital trade and regional economic cohesion within ASEAN. By reviewing ASEAN’s official publications and relevant literature, the study evaluates how DEFA aims to address the challenges posed by fragmented digital regulations and infrastructure. The framework's emphasis on harmonizing digital standards and enhancing interoperability is anticipated to facilitate smoother cross-border transactions and reduce regulatory barriers, thereby driving trade and investment in digital services. Economic projections suggest that DEFA could significantly enhance ASEAN’s digital economy, potentially increasing its value from US$300 billion to up to US$2 trillion by 2030. The framework’s focus on addressing current digital trade barriers and fostering innovation positions it as a transformative tool for regional integration. The findings underscore DEFA’s potential to unify digital markets and stimulate economic growth, highlighting its importance for ASEAN's future digital landscape.
Co-Authors Asihaer, Ayidana Bettani, Salman Ali Bibi, Gulshan, Ms Demeure, Nicolas Dinh, Linh Dieu Hee, Alvina Chee Ying Khoo, Shee Ping Komšić, Filip Kornphetcharat, Kotchaphop Ouyang, Hanzhen Salman Ali Sims, Juan Pablo Yuan, Changrui