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EXPLORING CHINA’S BELT AND ROAD INITIATIVE IN SOUTHEAST ASIA’S SUSTAINABILITY AGENDA: FROM GROWTH TO EQUITY? Asy’ari, Munjin Syafik; Fadillah, Andi Axl Azslam; Baharuddin, Aswin; Oktaviano, Nandito; Cangara, Abdul Razaq
Global: Jurnal Politik Internasional Vol. 27, No. 2
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Abstract

This article evaluates the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) through the analytical framework of sustainable development. The framework is crucial, as China frequently disseminates sustainability claims to promote the BRI. To assess these claims, it is necessary to examine the realisation of BRI projects alongside the empirical consequences they have generated across recipient countries. Southeast Asia constitutes one of the most prominent target regions for BRI investment. Four Southeast Asian countries occupy a significant position due to the scale and number of projects they have received: Indonesia, Malaysia, Vietnam, and Thailand. Each country exhibits distinct political–economic systems and structural conditions, rendering them analytically salient cases for testing the BRI as a purportedly sustainable development cooperation project. The findings indicate that BRI projects contribute to economic growth, primarily through enhanced connectivity, yet they fall short of fulfilling the core elements of sustainable development. Case studies from the Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, and Indonesia reveal environmental impacts, including deforestation, biodiversity loss, and social displacement resulting from land-use conversion. The policy orientation of the BRI has not fully embodied a holistic commitment to sustainable development principles, as it remains more oriented toward economic gains than toward ecological balance and social justice. To align the BRI more closely with the 2030 Agenda, China would need to enforce stricter environmental standards, enhance transparency in financing mechanisms, and prioritise investment in renewable energy.
Domestic and Global Challenges in Indonesia's Initiatives for Sustainable Development in the South Pacific Lubis, Adelita; Baharuddin, Aswin; Lubis, Mia Aulina
Journal of International and Local Studies Vol. 10 No. 2 (2026): Journal of International and Local Studies
Publisher : Universitas Bosowa

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.56326/rppm9228

Abstract

Following the launch of the Pacific Elevation policy in 2019, Indonesia intensified its sustainable development initiatives in the South Pacific through LDKPI grants, South-South and Triangular Cooperation, and the Indonesia-Pacific Forum for Development. This study applies Putnam's two-level game framework to analyze the domestic and global challenges affecting these initiatives and the interactions between the two levels. The study employed a qualitative, descriptive-analytical approach, employing a desk study of official documents and scientific literature from 2019–2025, with source triangulation as a validity mechanism. The results identified domestic challenges as limited fiscal scale, institutional fragmentation, and the double burden of the Papua issue. At the global level, challenges include intense donor competition, legitimacy challenges from Pacific nations' diplomatic agencies, and the misalignment of cooperation portfolios with regional climate priorities. The interaction of these two levels of challenges narrows Indonesia's policy win-set, resulting in observed strategies that include small grants to the human development sector, the Pacific family narrative, triangular partnerships, and island identity diplomacy. These strategies are best understood as rational adaptations to the limited available space for maneuver. This research's theoretical contribution is the identification of sovereignty defense as a driving force for South-South development cooperation, a theme not yet addressed in emerging donor literature.