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All Journal Litera Linguistik Indonesia Alinea: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pengajaran
Thersia Magdalena Tamelan
Universitas Kristen Artha Wacana
Religion Education Languange, Linguistic, Communication & Media

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Orthographic Transparency, Literacy Development, and Language Maintenance in Hawu: Evidence from Eastern Indonesia Thersia Magdalena Tamelan; Ifoni Ludji; Susi Ga Dara; Zuvyati A. Tlonaen
Alinea: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra dan Pengajaran Vol. 6 No. 2 (2026): Alinea: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pengajaran
Publisher : Bale Literasi: Lembaga Riset, Pelatihan & Edukasi, Sosial, Publikasi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58218/alinea.v6i2.3709

Abstract

Orthographic transparency plays an important role in literacy development and language maintenance, particularly in minority and endangered language communities. This study investigates the representation of implosive consonants and the mid-central vowel /?/ in three Hawu orthographic traditions: UBB GMIT, Lembaga Alkitab Indonesia (LAI), and Paddi. Using a qualitative descriptive approach, the study analyzes published orthographic materials supplemented by observations from 12 native Hawu speakers representing different age groups and educational backgrounds. The analysis examines phoneme–grapheme correspondences, orthographic transparency, and their implications for literacy development and language maintenance. The findings show that Hawu contains four phonemic implosive consonants (/?, ?, ?, ?/) that contrast with voiced stops and a six-vowel system that includes the mid-central vowel /?/. Although the three orthographic traditions represent most phonemes similarly, they differ substantially in their treatment of implosives and schwa. The UBB orthography consistently distinguishes these phonological contrasts, the LAI orthography preserves them through digraphs and additional orthographic conventions, whereas the Paddi orthography does not consistently differentiate implosives from voiced stops and represents schwa through less direct conventions. Based on the transparency criteria adopted in this study, the UBB orthography demonstrates the highest degree of orthographic transparency. The findings suggest that systematic phoneme–grapheme correspondences may facilitate literacy development while supporting language documentation and maintenance. Nevertheless, orthographic planning should balance linguistic evidence with community preferences, historical usage, institutional practices, and educational feasibility. Because the study is based on qualitative orthographic analysis and participant observations rather than experimental assessment of reading performance, the findings should be interpreted as identifying potential implications for literacy rather than demonstrating causal effects.
Orthographic Transparency of Rote Speech Varieties: Challenges in Language Learning Thersia Magdalena Tamelan; Dendi Wijaya; Festif Rudolf Hoinbala; I Gusti Ayu Gde Sosiowati
Linguistik Indonesia Vol. 44 No. 2 (2026): Linguistik Indonesia
Publisher : Masyarakat Linguistik Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26499/li.v44i2.1071

Abstract

Effective orthographic systems are essential for language documentation and revitalization. This study examines the orthographic transparency of six Rote speech varieties—Dela, Dengka, Tii, Lole, Termanu, and Rikou—focusing on the consistency of sound–symbol correspondences and their implications for language learning. Data were collected from published materials, field observations, and interviews with native speakers. The findings reveal inconsistencies in the representation of implosive consonants (/ɓ/, /ɗ/), the glottal stop (/ʔ/), and double vowels. These inconsistencies reduce orthographic transparency, hinder learnability, and disrupt grapheme–phoneme correspondences. The study highlights the importance of transparent and consistent orthographic representation for literacy development and language revitalization. It proposes recommendations for improving orthographic transparency across Rote speech varieties.
The orthography of implosive consonants in languages of East Nusa Tenggara: Pedagogical implications Thersia Magdalena Tamelan; Zuvyati A. Tlonaen; Angela Merici Minggu; Santri E. P. Djahimo
LITERA Vol. 25 No. 2: LITERA (JULY 2026)
Publisher : Faculty of Languages, Arts, and Culture Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21831/ltr.v25i2.93065

Abstract

Orthography development for the languages of East Nusa Tenggara has been undertaken by various institutions and researchers, resulting in multiple conventions for representing the same phonological features. However, systematic evaluation of these variations remains limited. This study examines how implosive consonants—bilabial /ɓ/, alveolar /ɗ/, palatal /ʄ/, and velar /ɠ/—are represented in existing orthographies and discusses the pedagogical implications of these representations. A comparative qualitative design was employed through documentary analysis and orthography testing. Documentary data were collected from grammars, linguistic publications, and community literacy materials representing eight languages. Orthography testing involved 20 elementary school students and 10 teachers from Hawu and Dela communities. Participants completed oral reading tasks followed by group discussions. The findings reveal considerable variation in the representation of implosive consonants across languages and institutions, including both underrepresentation and overrepresentation of phonemes. These inconsistencies may reduce orthographic transparency and create additional challenges for beginning readers, particularly in multilingual educational contexts. The study highlights the importance of consistent phoneme–grapheme correspondences and encourages collaboration among researchers, institutions, and language communities in developing more transparent orthographic systems for the languages of East Nusa Tenggara.
Co-Authors Angela Merici Minggu Dendi Wijaya Festif Rudolf Hoinbala I Gusti Ayu Gede Sosiowati Ifoni Ludji, Ifoni Santri E. P. Djahimo Susi Ga Dara Zuvyati Aryani Tlonaen