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All Journal Litera Linguistik Indonesia Alinea: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pengajaran
Thersia Magdalena Tamelan
Universitas Kristen Artha Wacana
Religion Education Languange, Linguistic, Communication & Media

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The orthography of implosive consonants in languages of East Nusa Tenggara: Pedagogical implications Thersia Magdalena Tamelan; Zuvyati A. Tlonaen; Angela Merici Minggu; Santri E. P. Djahimo
LITERA Vol. 25 No. 2: LITERA (JULY 2026)
Publisher : Faculty of Languages, Arts, and Culture Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21831/ltr.v25i2.93065

Abstract

Orthography development for the languages of East Nusa Tenggara has been undertaken by various institutions and researchers, resulting in multiple conventions for representing the same phonological features. However, systematic evaluation of these variations remains limited. This study examines how implosive consonants—bilabial /ɓ/, alveolar /ɗ/, palatal /ʄ/, and velar /ɠ/—are represented in existing orthographies and discusses the pedagogical implications of these representations. A comparative qualitative design was employed through documentary analysis and orthography testing. Documentary data were collected from grammars, linguistic publications, and community literacy materials representing eight languages. Orthography testing involved 20 elementary school students and 10 teachers from Hawu and Dela communities. Participants completed oral reading tasks followed by group discussions. The findings reveal considerable variation in the representation of implosive consonants across languages and institutions, including both underrepresentation and overrepresentation of phonemes. These inconsistencies may reduce orthographic transparency and create additional challenges for beginning readers, particularly in multilingual educational contexts. The study highlights the importance of consistent phoneme–grapheme correspondences and encourages collaboration among researchers, institutions, and language communities in developing more transparent orthographic systems for the languages of East Nusa Tenggara.
Co-Authors Angela Merici Minggu Dendi Wijaya Festif Rudolf Hoinbala I Gusti Ayu Gede Sosiowati Ifoni Ludji, Ifoni Santri E. P. Djahimo Susi Ga Dara Zuvyati Aryani Tlonaen