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STUDY OF CHRISTIAN ETHICAL VALUES ACCORDING TO 1 PETER 3: 14-17 AND ITS IMPLEMENTATION IN RELIGIOUS MODERATION IN INDONESIA Hendarwoto, Yermia; Sutrisno, Sutrisno
Didache: Jurnal Teologi dan Pendidikan Kristen Vol. 5 No. 1 (2023): Didache: Jurnal Teologi dan Pendidikan Kristen (Vol.5, No.1, December 2023)
Publisher : Sekolah Tinggi Teologi Moriah

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55076/didache.v5i1.197

The biblical passage emphasizes virtues such as gentleness, respect, and endurance in the face of adversity, providing a foundational framework for ethical conduct. Through an exploration of the cultural and societal context in Indonesia, this abstract seeks to elucidate how these values can be implemented to promote interfaith dialogue, social responsibility, and a culture of understanding, thereby contributing to religious moderation and harmony. The research draws upon biblical exegesis, cultural studies, and contemporary examples to illuminate the relevance and impact of Christian ethical values in the Indonesian context, offering insights for both scholars and practitioners engaged in interfaith initiatives and the promotion of tolerance.This research was conducted by carrying out exegesis of 1 Peter 3: 14-17 which is believed to provide a way to be moderate and afterward conducting descriptive qualitative research by conducting interviews with witnesses and sources. In this study, it was found that the ability and strength of Christians in carrying out the practice of religious moderation is not based on ethical and moral awareness as human beings but is based on understanding and total self-surrender to sanctify Christ in the heart, so that a person can be patient in suffering, strong enough to forgive the guilty, stand firm in righteousness and godliness.

Analysis of Public Sentiment towards the Implementation of Pancasila Legal Philosophy in Indonesian International Diplomacy on Social Media Hendarwoto, Yermia
JPPUMA: Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan dan Sosial Politik UMA (Journal of Governance and Political UMA) Vol. 13 No. 2 (2025): JPPUMA: Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan dan Sosial Politik UMA (Journal of Governance
Publisher : Universitas Medan Area

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31289/jppuma.v13i2.15700

This study evaluates Indonesian public perceptions of the application of Pancasila Legal Philosophy in international diplomacy through sentiment analysis on Twitter. Using text mining and machine learning algorithms—Naïve Bayes, Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Random Forest—1,000 tweets containing keywords such as “Pancasila diplomacy,” “Indonesia at the UN,” and “Indonesian foreign policy” were collected and classified into positive, negative, and neutral categories. The distribution of sentiment indicates that 60% of tweets express positive perceptions, highlighting pride in Indonesia’s promotion of Pancasila values in global forums, 25% remain neutral, and 15% are negative, reflecting criticism of perceived inconsistencies between Pancasila and diplomatic practice. Model evaluation employed a confusion matrix and metrics of accuracy, precision, and recall across sentiment classes. Results demonstrate that Random Forest outperformed other models with 91% accuracy, stable precision, and recall across all classes. By comparison, SVM achieved 89% accuracy with consistent performance in high-dimensional text data, while Naïve Bayes recorded 85% accuracy but was less effective in handling class imbalance, particularly in neutral–negative distinctions. The Random Forest model explained the greatest variance in sentiment classification, confirming its strength in processing short and contextually complex texts such as tweets. Practically, these findings provide a foundation for developing a real-time sentiment monitoring system to support adaptive and participatory diplomacy. Integrating sentiment analysis into policy design enables the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to anticipate public responses, strengthen diplomacy narratives rooted in Pancasila values, and build a data-driven ecosystem for public diplomacy. This contributes to inclusive, ethical, and responsive foreign policy aligned with Indonesia’s state philosophy.

Hedging at Sea: Indonesia–Russia Defense Diplomacy through ORRUDA 2024 in the Indo-Pacific Norlyanti, Nia; Perwita, Anak Agung Banyu; Hendarwoto, Yermia
Asian Journal of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Art Vol 3 No 4 (2025): Asian Journal of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Art
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajstea.v3i4.7123

Amid intensifying great-power rivalries in the Indo-Pacific, Indonesia’s defense strategy has shifted toward multidirectional engagement to preserve strategic autonomy without committing to any single bloc. This study examines the strategic significance of the ORRUDA 2024 joint naval exercise between Indonesia and Russia as a case of defense diplomacy within a hedging framework. Drawing on neorealism, hedging theory, and the actor–process–issue model of defense diplomacy, the research adopts a qualitative case study approach that integrates primary sources, including press releases and official statements, with secondary scholarly literature. The findings reveal that ORRUDA operates both as a balancing mechanism against U.S.-led regional security architectures such as AUKUS and the Quad, and as a diplomatic signal affirming Indonesia’s bebas-aktif foreign policy. The exercise strengthens operational cooperation with non-Western partners, reinforces national security, and contributes to regional stability. It also demonstrates the utility of defense diplomacy as a non-aligned, peacetime instrument of strategic statecraft involving coordinated planning, communication, and issue-specific collaboration. Overall, the analysis underscores the role of calibrated, non-provocative military engagement in managing geopolitical uncertainty and highlights the importance of diversifying defense partnerships and enhancing strategic communication to sustain Indonesia’s agency in a contested Indo-Pacific environment.

U.S.-China Rivalry Controls AI-Based Defense Machine in the Natuna Sea and Malacca Strait: Indonesia's AI Governance Diplomacy in Navigating International Regulations Baresi, Muhammad Jordan; Perwita, Anak Agung Banyu; Hendarwoto, Yermia
Asian Journal of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Art Vol 3 No 5 (2025): Asian Journal of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Art
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajstea.v3i5.7594

This research examines the intensifying military artificial intelligence (AI) rivalry between the United States and China in the Southeast Asian maritime domain, with a focus on its implications for Indonesia’s sovereignty and regional security, particularly in the Natuna Sea and the Strait of Malacca. Despite the strategic significance of this technological contest, its impact on Indonesia’s defense and diplomatic posture remains underexplored. The study aims to analyze how the U.S.–China military AI competition is reshaping regional security dynamics and how Indonesia’s defense diplomacy navigates international legal frameworks amid emerging AI-based threats. Adopting a qualitative descriptive approach with a comparative case study design, the research draws on diplomatic documents and reports from international institutions such as the UN, ASEAN, SIPRI, and IISS. Data were analyzed using thematic coding via NVivo 14 and triangulated across multiple sources. Findings reveal that military AI has transformed conventional security concerns into an era of algorithmic rivalry that remains largely unregulated under existing international law. In response, Indonesia has pursued a form of AI Governance Diplomacy, a defense diplomacy strategy grounded in the principles of human oversight, algorithmic transparency, and legal accountability. The study concludes that Indonesia’s normative approach contributes to shaping emerging global norms on military AI governance. Theoretically, the findings expand non-traditional security discourse by incorporating algorithmic threats, while practically offering recommendations to strengthen ethical and regulatory frameworks for AI within ASEAN’s regional security architecture.

Safeguarding Maritime Critical Infrastructure: Indonesia’s Defense Diplomacy in the Indo-Pacific Security Architecture under the Joko Widodo Administration (2014–2024) Nurjanah, Ita; Perwita, Anak Agung Banyu; Hendarwoto, Yermia
Asian Journal of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Art Vol 3 No 5 (2025): Asian Journal of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Art
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajstea.v3i5.7607

Maritime critical infrastructure (MCI)—comprising undersea data cables, energy pipelines, ports, and shipping lanes—is essential to sustaining global economic stability and digital connectivity. This is particularly critical in Southeast Asia, a region marked by dense maritime traffic and rising geopolitical tensions, including hybrid threats. As the largest archipelagic state in the region, Indonesia plays a pivotal role in safeguarding the security and resilience of these infrastructures. This study analyzes Indonesia’s defense diplomacy in protecting MCI within the broader Indo-Pacific security architecture during the administration of President Joko Widodo (2014–2024). Anchored in Barry Buzan’s Regional Security Complex Theory (RSCT), alongside the concepts of hedging and defense diplomacy, the research employs a qualitative descriptive method to examine Indonesia’s strategic positioning. Findings indicate that Indonesia’s approach emphasizes diplomatic engagement, regional institutional cooperation, and strategic autonomy—enabling it to enhance infrastructure resilience while preserving neutrality amid intensifying U.S.–China rivalry. Key enablers include the adoption of technological innovation, improved inter-agency coordination, and multilateral defense partnerships. The study concludes that Indonesia’s defense diplomacy not only contributes to national infrastructure protection but also reinforces the stability of the Indo-Pacific maritime order.

Indonesia’s Defense Diplomacy Toward Fiji on the Papua Issue: Strengthening Bilateral Cooperation and Regional Stability Estirahayu, Ferditania; Perwita, Anak Agung Banyu; Hendarwoto, Yermia
International Journal of Humanities, Education, and Social Sciences Vol 3 No 3 (2025): International Journal of Humanities, Education, and Social Sciences
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ijhess.v3i3.7153

This study analyzes Indonesia’s defence diplomacy towards Fiji through the combined lenses of neorealism and soft power to explain Jakarta’s strategic conduct in the South Pacific. In a regional environment where states prioritize security and survival, Indonesia’s engagement with Fiji represents a calculated, non-coercive approach to advancing national interests, particularly regarding the Papua issue. Defence diplomacy initiatives include officer training programmes, high-level visits, joint military exercises, and institutionalised strategic dialogues designed to promote trust, transparency, and mutual understanding. Empirical evidence highlights the participation of Fijian officers in Indonesia’s Army Staff and Command College and Peacekeeping Centre, as well as bilateral commitments to expand cooperation across the army, navy, and air force. These activities have coincided with a moderation of Fiji’s stance on Papua in regional forums, aligning more closely with Indonesia’s position. Humanitarian assistance, capacity-building measures, and regional security collaboration have further enhanced Indonesia’s diplomatic image and supported its free and active foreign policy. The study concludes that Indonesia’s defence diplomacy towards Fiji serves both as a structural security strategy and a normative engagement tool, generating mutual benefits while strengthening Jakarta’s strategic influence in the Pacific.

Among Giants: The Military Bases’ Impacts of Great Power Competition on Djibouti’s National Security Silaen, Christo Ariel Mario; Perwita, Anak Agung Banyu; Hendarwoto, Yermia
International Journal of Humanities, Education, and Social Sciences Vol 3 No 3 (2025): International Journal of Humanities, Education, and Social Sciences
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ijhess.v3i3.7563

This study addresses the limited research on the implications of great power competition for small states, with a particular focus on Djibouti’s national security, political autonomy, and economic stability. Despite its strategic location and geopolitical significance, Djibouti remains underexamined in the context of rising global military rivalries. The study investigates how the presence of multiple foreign military bases affects Djibouti’s internal and external security dynamics. Employing a qualitative case study approach, data were drawn from official reports, scholarly literature, and strategic analyses, and examined using thematic content analysis to identify key patterns and trade-offs. Findings indicate that while foreign military bases contribute to national security through deterrence and provide economic gains via lease revenues and infrastructure development, these benefits are unequally distributed and come at the cost of growing dependencies that may limit Djibouti’s foreign policy autonomy. The study concludes that Djibouti strategically adopts an omnidirectional hedging approach, maintaining balanced relations with competing powers to preserve its sovereignty and regional relevance. The research contributes to theoretical discourse on small-state strategies in international relations and offers practical policy recommendations for managing foreign military engagements while safeguarding national interests. It also highlights avenues for future research on the broader socio-economic and political implications of foreign base-hosting in strategically located microstates.

Indonesia’s Defense Diplomacy in Advancing ASEAN Agreement on Disaster Management and Emergency Response (AADMER) as a Regulatory Basis for ASEAN First Responder Formation Ramsi, Oktaheroe; Perwita, Anak Agung Banyu; Hendarwoto, Yermia
International Journal of Humanities, Education, and Social Sciences Vol 3 No 3 (2025): International Journal of Humanities, Education, and Social Sciences
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ijhess.v3i3.7564

Southeast Asia ranks among the most disaster-prone regions globally, owing to its complex geological features and tropical climate. In response, ASEAN established the ASEAN Agreement on Disaster Management and Emergency Response (AADMER), the region’s first legally binding framework for disaster management. Despite its significance, AADMER's implementation faces structural limitations, including the principle of non-interference, disparities in member state capacities, and bureaucratic delays that hinder rapid mobilization during the critical "golden time" of disaster response. This study examines Indonesia’s defense diplomacy in reinforcing AADMER as a regulatory basis for developing a regional First Responder mechanism that is timely, coordinated, and effective. Adopting a descriptive qualitative methodology, the research analyzes Indonesia’s engagement through platforms such as the ASEAN Defence Ministers’ Meeting (ADMM) and ADMM-Plus, alongside the roles of key national institutions including the National Disaster Management Authority (BNPB), the Indonesian Armed Forces (TNI), the Ministry of Defense, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and cooperation with the ASEAN Coordinating Centre for Humanitarian Assistance (AHA Centre). The findings highlight Indonesia’s strategic role as a country frequently affected by disasters in advancing civil-military interoperability, joint disaster response exercises, and rapid deployment mechanisms under AADMER. Indonesia’s defense diplomacy emerges not only as a tool of traditional security but also as a form of soft power that enhances regional solidarity and institutional legitimacy. The study concludes that Indonesia’s leadership is pivotal in realizing the vision of One ASEAN, One Response through the establishment of a regulation-based, consensus-driven, and collectively operational First Responder system for the region.

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