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A Study on Characteristics of Brake Pad Composite Materials by Varying the Composition of Epoxy, Rice Husk, Al2O3, and Fe2O3 Khafidh, Muhammad; Putera, Finny Pratama; Yotenka, Rahmadi; Fitriyana, Deni Fajar; Widodo, Rahmat Doni; Ismail, Rifky; Irawan, Agustinus Purna; Cionita, Tezara; Siregar, Januar Parlaungan; Ismail, Nur Hidayah
Automotive Experiences Vol 6 No 2 (2023)
Publisher : Automotive Laboratory of Universitas Muhammadiyah Magelang in collaboration with Association of Indonesian Vocational Educators (AIVE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31603/ae.9121

Abstract

The use of composite materials in brake pads is becoming increasingly popular due to their high-performance characteristics, including good thermal stability, high wear resistance, and low noise generation. However, the development of new composite materials that offer even better performance is still an ongoing research area. In this study, the composite was made by hand layup method using epoxy resin as matrix material, with rice husk, Al2O3, and Fe2O3 as reinforcing materials. The composition of the composites was varied by changing the percentage of the reinforcement materials. The composites were then subjected to several characterization tests, including density, hardness, flexural strength, thermal analysis, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), TGA/DSC, and wear testing. The test results showed that additional reinforcement materials to the epoxy resin matrix improved the mechanical properties of the composites. Overall, the study demonstrates that a hand layup method is a viable approach for preparing brake pad composite materials and that the addition of rice husk, Al2O3, and Fe2O3 can improve the mechanical properties of the composites. The best properties produced in this research were found in one of the specimens which used epoxy, rice husk, Al2O3, and Fe2O3 with a composition of 50 wt.%, 20 wt.%, 15 wt.%, and 15 wt.%. However, the addition of rice husk also provides wear resistance and thermal stability. This study contributes to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by advancing innovation, promoting sustainability, and reducing emissions in automotive industry applications.
A Case Study on Energy Efficiency at Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (UPNM) Building for Smart Campus Initiatives Thanakodi, Suresh; Ismail, Nur Hidayah; Moh Nazar, Nazatul Shiema; Mukhtaruddin, Azharudin; Hidayat, Hendra; Mohd Isa, Mohd Rizal
JOIV : International Journal on Informatics Visualization Vol 9, No 4 (2025)
Publisher : Society of Visual Informatics

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.62527/joiv.9.4.3409

Abstract

In efforts to minimize harmful greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and mitigate climate change, energy efficiency has become a global priority. Commercial buildings, including university facilities such as Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (UPNM), play a significant role in this effort, particularly in becoming a smart campus. Commercial buildings have been identified as major contributors to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, primarily due to their high energy consumption for air conditioning, lighting, and other operational needs. In alignment with the Paris Agreement 2016, the Malaysian government has implemented various energy-saving initiatives to reduce carbon emissions and achieve Energy Efficient Building Star Ratings. This study analyses five years of energy consumption at UPNM using the desktop audit method. Data collected from January 2018 to December 2022 includes the Nett Floor Area (NFA), energy consumption, and maximum demand of the UPNM buildings. The analysis encompasses energy consumption and expenditure, maximum demand, Building Energy Intensity (BEI), carbon footprint, and building energy labeling under the National Building Energy Labelling Standard. The findings indicate that UPNM has achieved a 5-star rating in 2020 and 2021, compared to a 4-star rating in 2018, 2019, and 2022. The BEI of UPNM buildings from 2018 to 2022 met the Energy Commission (EC) requirement of being below 135 kWh/m²/year. This study has also identified recommendations for further enhancing the energy efficiency of the UPNM Building, including regular maintenance of electrical appliances and conducting energy efficiency awareness campaigns.