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All Journal International Journal of Economics Development Research (IJEDR) Trunojoyo Law Review
Zakaria, Avien
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Humanities Economics, Econometrics & Finance Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Social Sciences

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The Role of Kiai and Blater in the Regional Election in Madura: Discourse on Legal Culture Khoiri, Ach.; Zakaria, Avien; Ulumuddin, Ihya; Lana, Muhammad Ahsin; Islam, Ach Robithul
TRUNOJOYO LAW REVIEW Vol 6, No 2 (2024): August
Publisher : Faculty of Law Universitas Trunojoyo Madura

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21107/tlr.v6i2.23894

Abstract

This study aims to analyse the implementation of elections in Madura, which should be an arena to elect leaders who are expected to bring change and improvement in Madura but cannot be adequately maximised. There is even an impression that implementing elections only perpetuates the power of informal rulers in Madura, namely kiai and blater. This research contributes to describing the various weaknesses of the election regulation applied in Madura with the hope that all these weaknesses can be anticipated and will help reform the election regulation model in Indonesia. This research uses empirical legal research methods with socio-legal and anthropo-legal approaches. This research found that election regulations cannot overcome the community's need to choose prospective leaders in Madura honestly and according to their conscience. This is supported by the fact that in every election, contestants supported by kiai and blater are almost certain to win the contestation of regional elections in Madura.
How Trade War Shocks Shape Reserve Accumulation? Evidence from MENA Countries Riskiana, Riskiana; Mabrurah, Mubrikatul; Zain, Nurafifah; Zakaria, Avien
International Journal of Economics Development Research (IJEDR) Vol. 6 No. 6 (2025): International Journal of Economics Development Research (IJEDR)
Publisher : Yayasan Riset dan Pengembangan Intelektual

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37385/ijedr.v6i6.9829

Abstract

The study examines the effects of trade war tensions, exchange rate volatility, and financial depth on foreign exchange reserves in 14 MENA countries from 2000 to 2024. Using the Panel Vector Error Correction Model (PVECM), the analysis captures both short-run dynamics and long-run equilibrium relationships. Stationarity and cointegration tests confirm that all variables are integrated at the I(1) level and exhibit a stable long-term relationship. The PVECM results show that none of the key variables significantly affect FER in the short term. In the long term, however, TWI demonstrates a positive and significant impact, indicating that prolonged global trade tensions encourage MENA countries to increase reserve accumulation as a precautionary response to external uncertainty. Conversely, FD exerts a negative and significant long-term effect, suggesting that deeper financial markets may reduce reserve holdings through greater foreign currency demand and increased financial openness. Meanwhile, ERV shows a negative long-term relationship with FER but lacks statistical significance in either the long or short term, indicating that exchange rate fluctuations do not directly drive reserve adjustment behavior in MENA economies. These findings highlight the importance for policymakers to strengthen external resilience and manage financial sector development carefully to ensure foreign exchange reserve stability amid intensifying global geopolitical tensions. Keywords: Foreign Exchange Rate, Trade War, Exchange Rate Volatility, Financial Depth
Co-Authors Ihya Ulumuddin, Ihya Islam, Ach Robithul Khoiri, Ach. Lana, Muhammad Ahsin Mabrurah, Mubrikatul Riskiana, Riskiana Zain, Nurafifah