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Muhammad, Usman
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Electrical & Electronics Engineering

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Evaluation of steady-state ground resistance by field measurement and CDEGS computation Muhammad, Usman; Zaid, Hadee; Ahmad, Nurul Nadia; Mohamad Nor, Normiza; Aman, Fazlul
Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics Vol 13, No 5: October 2024
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/eei.v13i5.7603

Abstract

In addition to the soil resistivity and size of the grounding system, grounding system configuration can influence the steady-state resistance (RDC) of a grounding system. The RDC of four to six configurations in three distinct soil conditions (sites 1 to 3) is measured using the fall-of-potential method and computed using the current distribution, electromagnetic fields, grounding, and soil structure analysis (CDEGS) simulation. The RDC value generally decreases as size increases, i.e., when more rods or tapes are added, except for a little variation subject to the electrode arrangement and soil resistivity. The 3 and 4-parallel configurations perform better on low resistivity soil (site 1), while the grid configurations (2×2- and 3-rod grids) are better on high resistivity soil (site 2). The difference between the measured and computed values at high soil resistivity sites (sites 2 and 3) is large, ranging from 18% to 66% for site 2 and from 35% to 53% for site 3. The difference is lower and more consistent at site 1, where five out of six configurations achieve less than 10%. At all sites, the difference between computed and measured RDCs generally decreases as the area of the electrode increases, except for some cases at site 2.
Comparative field assessment of grounding enhancement material for electrical earthing system Zhe Kang, Lim; Chun Lim, Siow; Muhammad, Usman; Aman, Fazlul; Nor, Normiza Mohamad
Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics Vol 13, No 5: October 2024
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/eei.v13i5.7303

Abstract

Grounding enhancement material (GEM) is used to lower the earthing resistance value of a given earthing system. In this paper, a commercially available GEM is experimented at the field alongside with Sodium Chloride, Copper II Sulphate and planting soil. The well established Wenner’s 4 pole method and fall of potential method was employed to measure the soil resistivity and earthing resistance respectively. It was found that the salts i.e., Sodium Chloride and Copper II Sulphate are superior in reducing the earthing resistance as reduction of more than 85% were observed. However, the commercial GEM has exhibited the most stable earthing resistance value over a period of 101 days, exhibiting the lowest standard deviation. This seems to suggest that the commercial GEM has superior moisture retention capability. This study also proven that Sodium Chloride can be dissolved by heavy downpour and replenishing it periodically is needed in a tropical country like Malaysia with regular thunderstorms and heavy downpours.
Influences of impulse generators on the impulse characteristics of grounding systems Muhammad, Usman; Aman, Fazlul; Mohamad Nor, Normiza; Nadia Ahmad, Nurul; Osman, Miszaina
Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics Vol 14, No 3: June 2025
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/eei.v14i3.8467

Abstract

It is important to ensure the effectiveness of the experimental test set up and to accurately characterize grounding systems under high impulse conditions, the study on the effect of impulse generator is therefore needed. As with other experimental work, the test results may be influenced not only by the characteristics of the test load under study, but also the test arrangement, rating of the impulse generator and transducers. In this work, sources of this overshoot/spike observed in voltage and current traces of 1-rod, 3-rod, and 4-rod electrodes subjected to two impulse current generators of different rating: generating at maximum voltage and current of 100 kV, 1.5 kA, and 300 kV, 10 kA with the same response time of 1.2/50 μs are identified with the aid of simulation work.
Co-Authors Ahmad, Nurul Nadia Aman, Fazlul Chun Lim, Siow Mohamad Nor, Normiza Nadia Ahmad, Nurul Nor, Normiza Mohamad Osman, Miszaina Zaid, Hadee Zhe Kang, Lim