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Scientific Analysis of Evaluating the Methodology of Confirming Hilal Observing Reports in Determining the Beginning of the Hijri Month Faizah, Nur Faizah; Ahmad Syifaul Anam
AL - AFAQ : Jurnal Ilmu Falak dan Astronomi Vol. 6 No. 1 (2024): Juni 2024
Publisher : Universitas Islam Negeri Mataram

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar

The report of hilal rukyat observation has an important role in determining the beginning of the Kamariah month, especially the months of Ramadan, Shawwal, and Zulhijah. To avoid doubts about Hilal witness reports, a methodology is needed that can scientifically confirm the results of observers' witnesses. This research proposes the concept of methodology for confirming Hilal observation reports based on science by considering astrophysical elements such as atmospheric extinction, atmospheric pollution, sky and moon brightness, and sensitivity (acuity) of the human eye when reporting Hilal observations. This research uses a descriptive method to describe the situation that occurs in the field and uses a statistical approach to present the results of data analysis to support the framework. The results showed that computations were performed to test the validity of Hilal observation reports by referring to three components: source, link, and receiver. A methodology was developed as criteria in confirming Hilal witness reports, including reproducibility of observations, consistency with astronomical data, and validation by Falak authorities. The critical analysis involved a review of the literature on Hilal witness confirmation, an evaluation of the accuracy of the observer's rukyat with astronomical data, and an examination of the validity of the methods used.

Reconstruction of Moon Phases and Period in The Book of Enoch on Islamic Astronomy Perspective Azkarrula, Youla Afifah; Anam, Ahmad Syifaul
Asy-Syari'ah Vol 26, No 1 (2024): Asy-Syari'ah
Publisher : Faculty of Sharia and Law, Sunan Gunung Djati Islamic State University of Bandung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15575/as.v26i1.35595

Abstract: The Book of Enoch presents an explanation of Moon in a different way when compared to many ancient manuscripts. The periods of the Moon associated with the Moon phases are illustrated in a unique way that, in first glance, requires a deep understanding. This explanation is different with what science has explained nowadays. To begin with, the previous research of this subject on the Book of Enoch is out to dated. Therefore, this research conducts a new approach to examine the Book of Enoch using Islamic perspective where this study is rare to conduct. This study utilizes qualitative research with content analysis to gain the answer in depth. This research also uses triangulation method to investigate the data and obtain the validity of the results. Overall, the Moon phase in the Book of Enoch has the same understanding as the modern science. The Book of Enoch describes implicitly the appearance of Moon in the northern hemisphere. The explanation of Enoch lunar-day in each month is followed by the Urfi Islamic calendar. Then the statement about “once the month is 28-day” is based on the using of Callippic cycle in Charles opinion while in the author’s opinion that the Book of Enoch shows the sidereal month cycle. In addition, the theory which has been adopted by Islamic astronomy has a strong relationship with this manuscript since it is believed that this manuscript is attributed to Prophet Enoch or Idris. Abstrak: Kitab Henokh menyajikan penjelasan tentang Bulan dengan cara yang berbeda jika dibandingkan dengan banyak naskah kuno. Periode Bulan yang terkait dengan fase Bulan diilustrasikan dengan cara yang unik sehingga sekilas memerlukan pemahaman yang mendalam. Penjelasan ini berbeda dengan penjelasan ilmu pengetahuan saat ini. Pertama-tama, penelitian sebelumnya mengenai subjek Kitab Henokh ini sudah ketinggalan zaman. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini melakukan pendekatan baru untuk mengkaji Kitab Henokh dengan menggunakan perspektif Islam dimana penelitian ini jarang dilakukan. Penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian kualitatif dengan analisis isi untuk memperoleh jawaban secara mendalam. Penelitian ini juga menggunakan metode triangulasi untuk menyelidiki data dan memperoleh keabsahan hasil. Secara keseluruhan, fase Bulan dalam Kitab Henokh mempunyai pemahaman yang sama dengan ilmu pengetahuan modern. Kitab Henokh menggambarkan secara implisit penampakan Bulan di belahan bumi utara. Penjelasan hari lunar Henokh di setiap bulannya diikuti dengan penanggalan Islam Urfi. Kemudian pernyataan “satu bulan ada 28 hari” didasarkan pada penggunaan siklus Callippic menurut pendapat Charles sedangkan menurut pendapat penulis Kitab Henokh menunjukkan siklus bulan sidereal. Selain itu, teori yang dianut oleh ilmu astronomi Islam mempunyai kaitan erat dengan naskah ini karena diyakini naskah ini milik Nabi Henokh atau Idris.

Territory, Hilāl, and Sovereignty: Revisiting Indonesia’s Maṭla’ under MABIMS’ New Criteria Arisafitri, Novi; Imron, Ali; Syifaul Anam, Ahmad; Darliswanto
Al-Hilal: Journal of Islamic Astronomy Vol. 7 No. 1 (2025)
Publisher : Fakultas Syari'ah dan Hukum UIN Walisongo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21580/al-hilal.2025.7.1.25278

Differences in determining the start of the lunar month often spark polemics due to varying methods, schools of thought, and interpretations of maṭla’. Indonesia adopts a territorial-based maṭla’, yet inconsistencies remain in how its geographical boundaries are applied. Law No. 43/2008 defines Indonesia’s territory as including land, sea, and air, raising questions about the ideal scope of maṭla’ under the MABIMS Neo Visibility Criteria and its legal status. This qualitative study uses library research and expert interviews, analyzed through Islamic legal principles (ijtihād istiṣlāhī) and a juridical-normative framework. Findings show that Indonesia’s maṭla’ ideally includes all sovereign areas-land, inland waters, archipelagic waters, and territorial seas. From a syar’i perspective, crescent sightings at sea are valid; hence, lunar calculations should reflect land and maritime zones under national jurisdiction.

Scientific Analysis of Evaluating the Methodology of Confirming Hilal Observing Reports in Determining the Beginning of the Hijri Month Faizah, Nur Faizah; Ahmad Syifaul Anam
AL - AFAQ : Jurnal Ilmu Falak dan Astronomi Vol. 6 No. 1 (2024): Juni 2024
Publisher : Universitas Islam Negeri Mataram

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20414/afaq.v6i1.9876

The report of hilal rukyat observation has an important role in determining the beginning of the Kamariah month, especially the months of Ramadan, Shawwal, and Zulhijah. To avoid doubts about Hilal witness reports, a methodology is needed that can scientifically confirm the results of observers' witnesses. This research proposes the concept of methodology for confirming Hilal observation reports based on science by considering astrophysical elements such as atmospheric extinction, atmospheric pollution, sky and moon brightness, and sensitivity (acuity) of the human eye when reporting Hilal observations. This research uses a descriptive method to describe the situation that occurs in the field and uses a statistical approach to present the results of data analysis to support the framework. The results showed that computations were performed to test the validity of Hilal observation reports by referring to three components: source, link, and receiver. A methodology was developed as criteria in confirming Hilal witness reports, including reproducibility of observations, consistency with astronomical data, and validation by Falak authorities. The critical analysis involved a review of the literature on Hilal witness confirmation, an evaluation of the accuracy of the observer's rukyat with astronomical data, and an examination of the validity of the methods used.

Analysis of Perigee-Apogee Longitude Classification with Crescent Visibility Years 1300H-1600H Based on New MABIMS Criteria Puput Dwi Aryani; Novi Sopwan; Ahmad Syifaul Anam
AL - AFAQ : Jurnal Ilmu Falak dan Astronomi Vol. 8 No. 1 (2026): Juni 2026
Publisher : Universitas Islam Negeri Mataram

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20414/afaq.v8i1.15177

The determination of the beginning of the Hijri month in Indonesia still faces inconsistencies due to the complexity of astronomical parameters. This study analyzes the classification pattern of the Moon's perigee-apogee longitude position in relation to the visibility level of the crescent moon during the 1300H-1600H period to provide an in depth understanding of the orbital factors in determining the beginning of the Hijri month in Indonesia. A descriptive quantitative method was used by analyzing 10,836 data from three locations (Sabang, Surabaya, and Merauke) using astronomical algorithms from Chapront-Touze & Jean Meeus based on the New MABIMS and Odeh criteria. The results show that crescent visibility frequency at the apogee position is higher than at perigee under both criteria, with New MABIMS recording 1,314 apogee compared to 163 perigee cases, and Odeh recording 1,113 apogee compared to 127 perigee cases. New MABIMS consistently yielded higher overall visibility rates (4,539 cases) than Odeh (2,353 cases), a difference statistically confirmed through a chi-square test of independence across all three cities (p<0.001). The data distribution pattern is relatively consistent across the three locations, with orbital factors proving more dominant than geographical factors in determining crescent visibility. This study provides an initial overview that the Moon's orbital dynamics have the potential to provide additional context in crescent observations. Empirical validation through actual observation data and the integration of atmospheric factors are needed to produce a more comprehensive and applicable understanding.

Geospatial Accuracy Evaluation of Napier's Analogy Method for Global Qibla Direction: Analyzing Quadrant Ambiguity at High Latitudes Zahra Fauziah; Ahmad Syifaul Anam; Ahmad Adib Rofiuddin; Syahri Ramdani
AL - AFAQ : Jurnal Ilmu Falak dan Astronomi Vol. 8 No. 1 (2026): Juni 2026
Publisher : Universitas Islam Negeri Mataram

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20414/afaq.v8i1.14601

Accurate determination of the Qibla direction is fundamental to Muslim worship, requiring rigorous validation of various calculation methods. This study conducts a mathematical comparative study between Napier's Analogy Formula and Spherical Trigonometry. The method used is a qualitative analysis based on literature studies with modeling simulations at various global geographic locations. The results show that Napier's Analogy Formula has an identical level of accuracy to Spherical Trigonometry in tropical regions. However, an anomaly was found in the form of quadrant ambiguity that results in a constant deviation at locations with latitudes above 21° (North and South), which is a critical point related to the geographical position of the Kaaba (21°25′21.04′′ N). This finding confirms that Napier's Analogy has limited spatial scope. As a solution, this study proposes the implementation of quadrant correction logic to ensure the precision of results at extreme latitudes. Thus, the use of Napier's Analogy should be limited to tropical regions or followed by the correction parameters formulated in this study.

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