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All Journal Indonesian Journal of Computing, Engineering, and Design
Bujang, Ummi Humaira Binti
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Arts Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Computer Science & IT Engineering Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering Materials Science & Nanotechnology Mechanical Engineering

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The Potential of Tea Waste and Silica Fume as Partial Replacements for Cement in Bricks Lim, Yong Tat; Ting, Michelle Sze Hui; Bujang, Ummi Humaira Binti; Bujang, Mastura Binti; Ling, Jen Hua
Indonesian Journal of Computing, Engineering, and Design (IJoCED) Vol. 6 No. 2 (2024): IJoCED
Publisher : Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Sampoerna University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35806/39gwjx93

Abstract

Bricks are widely used building materials made from sand, cement, and water in standard proportions. However, the increasing demand for construction materials that use sand and ordinary Portland cement is leading to the depletion of natural resources. To address this issue, researchers are exploring alternative materials, such as Tea Waste (TW) and Silica Fume (SF), as partial replacements for cement bricks. This study used a mix proportion of 1:2.5 with a certain percentage of replacement materials and 0.5 of a water/cement ratio. The experimental results indicated that when TW and SF were substituted at 5% and 10%, respectively, the compressive strength of the cement bricks was adequate and met the minimum masonry unit requirements of the British Standard. Additionally, the density of the cement bricks (with TW and SF) was lower than that of solid bricks, and the water absorption met the requirements of the British Standard. However, the cement bricks' effective strength-to-weight ratio (s-w ratio) was lower than 1.0, except for the specimens with 5% TW and 10% SF. The optimum mix proportion was the cement brick with 5% TW and 10% SF as it achieved all the industry requirements. 
Evaluation of Cement Brick with Cocopeat as Partial Replacement of Sand Lim, Yong Tat; Ling, Jen Hua; Bujang, Ummi Humaira Binti; Leong, Wen Kam; Sia, How Teck; Chiong, Mary Mee Shi
Indonesian Journal of Computing, Engineering, and Design (IJoCED) Vol. 7 No. 1 (2025): IJoCED
Publisher : Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Sampoerna University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35806/ijoced.v7i1.481

Abstract

The rising population has fueled construction growth, increasing the demand for bricks and raising concerns about the depletion of raw materials, especially sand. To address this, research was carried out to investigate the utilization of cocopeat (CCP) as a partial sand replacement in the construction industry. In this study, a total of 72 specimens were manufactured with varying proportions of cocopeat to replace sand, ranging from 0% to 25%. A 1:2.5 of cement-to-sand ratio and 0.5 of water-to-cement ratio were used. Performance of the cement brick was evaluated based on dimension, compressive strength, density, water absorption, crack development, and effective strength-to-weight ratio (  ratio). Results showed that all bricks met industrial requirements. Satisfactory compressive strength was achieved with 5% to 15% of cocopeat, meeting the minimum requirements in British Standard BS 3921:1985. Bricks with 5% to 10% of cocopeat have no crack on the sample. These bricks resulted in a lower density than solid bricks, while still fulfilled the percentage of water absorption requirements of British Standard, 1985. Cement bricks with 5% and 10% cocopeat had an effective strength-to-weight ratio (  ratio) above 1.0. Notably, brick with 10% cocopeat fulfilled all the industry requirements. Therefore, the cocopeat can be recommended as a partial replacement in brick production.
Co-Authors Bujang, Mastura Binti Chiong, Mary Mee Shi Leong, Wen Kam Lim, Yong Tat Ling, Jen Hua Sia, How Teck Ting, Michelle Sze Hui