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All Journal Indonesian Journal of Computing, Engineering, and Design Civil and Sustainable Urban Engineering
Lim, Yong Tat
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Arts Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture Computer Science & IT Engineering Environmental Science Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering Materials Science & Nanotechnology Mechanical Engineering Transportation

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Structural Behaviour of Reinforced Concrete Beam with Embedded Polystyrene Spheres Ling, Jen Hua; Lau, Ji Wei; Lim, Yong Tat
Civil and Sustainable Urban Engineering Volume 3 - Issue 1 - 2023
Publisher : Tecno Scientifica Publishing & Society of Tropical Science and Technology

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.53623/csue.v3i1.180

Abstract

The beam is a structural element in a reinforced concrete structure. However, its weight places additional strain on the columns and foundations.Polystyrene spheres can be used to replace concrete in a beam to reduce its weight. However, this can affect the beam’s structural performance. This study investigated the behavior of beams with embedded polystyrene spheres under loads. The purpose was to determine the feasibility of this technique. Six beam specimens, including a control specimen, were tested under the four-point load setup. The polystyrene spheres’ diameter ranged from 50 mm to 75 mm. The spacing between the spheres varied from 10 mm to 30 mm. By replacing 8.7% of the concrete, the beam's strength increased by 8% per unit of concrete. The polystyrene spheres marginally altered the load capacity but reduced the stiffness, uncracked load, and ductility. The load capacity decreased by 2.6% as the polystyrene sphere’s diameter increased from 50 mm to 10 mm. The strength increased by 0.6% as the spacing increased from 10 mm to 30 mm. For satisfactory performance, the polystyrene spheres with a diameter of 0.57 times the beam’s width may be spaced at 1.2 times the concrete cover.
Behaviour of Reinforced Concrete Slabs with Embedded Polystyrene Spheres Ling, Jen Hua; Lau, Ji Wei; Lim, Yong Tat
Civil and Sustainable Urban Engineering Volume 4 - Issue 1 - 2024
Publisher : Tecno Scientifica Publishing & Society of Tropical Science and Technology

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.53623/csue.v4i1.391

Abstract

Polystyrene spheres can be used to substitute concrete in reinforced concrete slabs. Despite the weight, the structural performance of the slab would also be affected. This study investigated the behaviour of slabs containing polystyrene spheres under loads. Six specimens were fabricated and tested under the four-point load setup. The parameters studied included the diameters of the polystyrene spheres and the spacing between them. The polystyrene spheres reduced the slabs’ first crack load, stiffness, yield strength, and ultimate strength. The first crack, yield, and ultimate loads decreased by 22.3%, 2.1%, and 4.1%, respectively, when the polystyrene sphere’s diameter increased from 75 mm to 125 mm. As the polystyrene spheres’ spacing decreased from 50 mm to 10 mm, the first crack, yield, and ultimate loads dropped 14.2%, 9.2%, and 7%, respectively. Despite some limitations identified during the feasibility analysis, specimen SP3 was found feasible as a simply supported one-way spanning slab. In the specimen, the polystyrene spheres were 0.625 times the slab thickness in diameter and 2.5 times the concrete cover in spacing.
The Potential of Tea Waste and Silica Fume as Partial Replacements for Cement in Bricks Lim, Yong Tat; Ting, Michelle Sze Hui; Bujang, Ummi Humaira Binti; Bujang, Mastura Binti; Ling, Jen Hua
Indonesian Journal of Computing, Engineering, and Design (IJoCED) Vol. 6 No. 2 (2024): IJoCED
Publisher : Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Sampoerna University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35806/39gwjx93

Abstract

Bricks are widely used building materials made from sand, cement, and water in standard proportions. However, the increasing demand for construction materials that use sand and ordinary Portland cement is leading to the depletion of natural resources. To address this issue, researchers are exploring alternative materials, such as Tea Waste (TW) and Silica Fume (SF), as partial replacements for cement bricks. This study used a mix proportion of 1:2.5 with a certain percentage of replacement materials and 0.5 of a water/cement ratio. The experimental results indicated that when TW and SF were substituted at 5% and 10%, respectively, the compressive strength of the cement bricks was adequate and met the minimum masonry unit requirements of the British Standard. Additionally, the density of the cement bricks (with TW and SF) was lower than that of solid bricks, and the water absorption met the requirements of the British Standard. However, the cement bricks' effective strength-to-weight ratio (s-w ratio) was lower than 1.0, except for the specimens with 5% TW and 10% SF. The optimum mix proportion was the cement brick with 5% TW and 10% SF as it achieved all the industry requirements. 
Evaluation of Cement Brick with Cocopeat as Partial Replacement of Sand Lim, Yong Tat; Ling, Jen Hua; Bujang, Ummi Humaira Binti; Leong, Wen Kam; Sia, How Teck; Chiong, Mary Mee Shi
Indonesian Journal of Computing, Engineering, and Design (IJoCED) Vol. 7 No. 1 (2025): IJoCED
Publisher : Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Sampoerna University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35806/ijoced.v7i1.481

Abstract

The rising population has fueled construction growth, increasing the demand for bricks and raising concerns about the depletion of raw materials, especially sand. To address this, research was carried out to investigate the utilization of cocopeat (CCP) as a partial sand replacement in the construction industry. In this study, a total of 72 specimens were manufactured with varying proportions of cocopeat to replace sand, ranging from 0% to 25%. A 1:2.5 of cement-to-sand ratio and 0.5 of water-to-cement ratio were used. Performance of the cement brick was evaluated based on dimension, compressive strength, density, water absorption, crack development, and effective strength-to-weight ratio (  ratio). Results showed that all bricks met industrial requirements. Satisfactory compressive strength was achieved with 5% to 15% of cocopeat, meeting the minimum requirements in British Standard BS 3921:1985. Bricks with 5% to 10% of cocopeat have no crack on the sample. These bricks resulted in a lower density than solid bricks, while still fulfilled the percentage of water absorption requirements of British Standard, 1985. Cement bricks with 5% and 10% cocopeat had an effective strength-to-weight ratio (  ratio) above 1.0. Notably, brick with 10% cocopeat fulfilled all the industry requirements. Therefore, the cocopeat can be recommended as a partial replacement in brick production.
Co-Authors Bujang, Mastura Binti Bujang, Ummi Humaira Binti Chiong, Mary Mee Shi Lau, Ji Wei Leong, Wen Kam Ling, Jen Hua Sia, How Teck Ting, Michelle Sze Hui