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All Journal Indonesian Journal of Computing, Engineering, and Design
Bujang, Mastura Binti
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Arts Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Computer Science & IT Engineering Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering Materials Science & Nanotechnology Mechanical Engineering

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The Potential of Tea Waste and Silica Fume as Partial Replacements for Cement in Bricks Lim, Yong Tat; Ting, Michelle Sze Hui; Bujang, Ummi Humaira Binti; Bujang, Mastura Binti; Ling, Jen Hua
Indonesian Journal of Computing, Engineering, and Design (IJoCED) Vol. 6 No. 2 (2024): IJoCED
Publisher : Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Sampoerna University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35806/39gwjx93

Abstract

Bricks are widely used building materials made from sand, cement, and water in standard proportions. However, the increasing demand for construction materials that use sand and ordinary Portland cement is leading to the depletion of natural resources. To address this issue, researchers are exploring alternative materials, such as Tea Waste (TW) and Silica Fume (SF), as partial replacements for cement bricks. This study used a mix proportion of 1:2.5 with a certain percentage of replacement materials and 0.5 of a water/cement ratio. The experimental results indicated that when TW and SF were substituted at 5% and 10%, respectively, the compressive strength of the cement bricks was adequate and met the minimum masonry unit requirements of the British Standard. Additionally, the density of the cement bricks (with TW and SF) was lower than that of solid bricks, and the water absorption met the requirements of the British Standard. However, the cement bricks' effective strength-to-weight ratio (s-w ratio) was lower than 1.0, except for the specimens with 5% TW and 10% SF. The optimum mix proportion was the cement brick with 5% TW and 10% SF as it achieved all the industry requirements. 
Utilization of Tea Waste and Silico Manganese Slag in Cement Brick Tat, Lim Yong; Jen Hua , Ling; Bujang, Mastura Binti; Mohamad, Mazizah Ezdiani binti; Saffaee, Nur Saffrina Binti; Siat, Qurratu Aini Binti; Xiao Jing, Lim
Indonesian Journal of Computing, Engineering, and Design (IJoCED) Vol. 8 No. 1 (2026): IJoCED
Publisher : Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Sampoerna University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35806/g1j9ea62

Abstract

Bricks are commonly utilized construction materials composed of sand, cement, and water in standardized ratios. Such demand of construction materials could result in the exhaustion of natural resources. In order to tackle this problem, researchers are investigating the utilization of alternate substances including tea waste and silico manganese slag as partial replacement for sand and cement respectively in bricks. The study utilized a sand/cement ratio of 1:2.5 and a water/cement ratio of 0.5, along with the inclusion of 5-15% tea waste and 10-20% silico manganese slag in the mix percentage. The experimental findings demonstrated that by substituting tea waste and silico manganese slag into the cement brick, the brick exhibited sufficient compressive strength and water absorption properties, satisfying the minimum masonry unit requirements specified in the British Standard of 1985. Furthermore, the density of the cement brick with tea waste and silico manganese slag was found to be lower than the solid bricks, classifying it as a lightweight brick. All of the cement bricks containing tea waste and silico manganese slag met the criterion for the effective strength to weight ratio, except for the bricks made with 15% tea waste and 10% silico manganese slag. Based on the results, it was determined that the proposed mix proportion for the cement brick was the brick consists of 15% tea waste and 20% silico manganese slag. Such brick with the highest effective strength to weight ratio of 1.16 was suitable to be used in the construction industry.
Co-Authors Bujang, Ummi Humaira Binti Jen Hua , Ling Lim, Yong Tat Ling, Jen Hua Mohamad, Mazizah Ezdiani binti Saffaee, Nur Saffrina Binti Siat, Qurratu Aini Binti Tat, Lim Yong Ting, Michelle Sze Hui Xiao Jing, Lim