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Indrakusuma, Mohammad Erwin
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Education Health Professions Medicine & Pharmacology Nursing Public Health

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Examination of Coliform and Escherichia coli Contamination in Refilled Drinking Water in Cirebon Regency, Indonesia Shonia, Ana Naela; Fitriani, Hikmah; Indrakusuma, Mohammad Erwin
GHMJ (Global Health Management Journal) Vol. 8 No. 2s (2025): Special Issues
Publisher : Yayasan Aliansi Cendekiawan Indonesia Thailand (Indonesian Scholars' Alliance)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35898/ghmj-82s1224

Abstract

Background: Refillable drinking water is a commonly used source of water for the public. Contamination of this water can lead to various diseases, including waterborne diarrhea. Coliform bacteria and Escherichia coli are indicators of faecal contamination and can cause waterborne diseases. This study aims to determine whether Coliform and Escherichia coli are present in refillable drinking water in Cirebon Regency. Aims: To identify the presence of Coliform and Escherichia coli bacteria in refillable drinking water in Cirebon Regency. Methods: This descriptive study employed purposive sampling to collect six samples of refillable drinking water from six different depots located in Cirebon Regency. Each sample was tested four times using various laboratory tests, including Nutrient Agar, Mac Conkey Agar, Gram Staining, IMVIC, and TSIA. Results: All samples showed the presence of Coliform (100%), as shown by the Mac Conkey Agar test indicating lactose fermentation and Gramme Staining revealing rod-shaped bacteria. However, Escherichia coli was not found (0%) in any of the samples. The results of the Mac Conkey Agar test as a lactose fermenter, Gram Staining showing rod-shaped bacteria, and IMVIC tests showed the following profile: Indole +, MR +, VP -, Citrate -, and TSIA: A/A, H₂S -, Gas +. While Escherichia coli was absent, the detection of other Coliforms suggests persistent hygiene issues; Citrobacter freundii and Klebsiella were found to be Coliform bacteria. Conclusion: No Escherichia coli were detected in any of the samples, but Coliform bacteria were found in 6 out of 6 samples (100%). The maintenance of refillable drinking water depots is crucial for public health. Owners must frequently clean and disinfect the reservoirs to prevent contamination. Additionally, authorities are responsible for regularly monitoring the hygiene and sanitation of these depots.
Identification of Bacteria on Classroom Air Conditioner at Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Swadaya Gunung Jati, Cirebon, Indonesia Surfa, Muhammad Bintang Abdi; Fitriani, Hikmah; Indrakusuma, Mohammad Erwin
GHMJ (Global Health Management Journal) Vol. 7 No. 3s (2024)
Publisher : Yayasan Aliansi Cendekiawan Indonesia Thailand (Indonesian Scholars' Alliance)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35898/ghmj-741010

Abstract

Background: Air conditioner became a significant factor in indoor air quality. Poorly maintained Air Conditioners can become breeding grounds for bacteria, leading to health problems and symptoms of Sick Building Syndrome, such as headaches, loss of concentration, dry throat, eye and skin irritation, and acute respiratory infections. Aims: Identify bacteria types and count bacterial colonies on Air Conditioning units in the classrooms of buildings A and B at Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Swadaya Gunung Jati, Cirebon, Indonesia. Methods: Cross-sectional study using 16 air conditioner samples from lecture rooms at Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Swadaya Gunung Jati. Direct swabs were taken from the air conditioner filters using cotton swabs, which were then identified using McConkey, Blood Agar, and Nutrient Agar media to count bacterial colonies followed by confirmatory bacterial tests using Triple Sugar Iron Agar (TSIA) and Indol, Methyl red, Vogues proskauer, Simmon Citrate (IMVIC) media. Results: Bacterial growth identification tests identified Bacillus sp., Micrococcus sp., Staphylococcus sp., Streptococcus sp., Coryneform/Diptheroid, Enterobacter sp., and Stenotrophomonas sp.. Highest colony count was 402 CFU/cm³ and lowest was 16 CFU/cm³. Conclusion: Bacterial identification on classroom the Air Conditioner revealed that the microbial community in the system was predominantly composed of Gram-positive strains, which were detected more frequently than Gram-negative strains. Received: 24 September 2024  |  Reviewed: 02 November 2024  |  Revised: 30 November 2024  |  Accepted: 15 December 2024.
Correlation between Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infection with Length of Stay and Mortality at Gunung Jati Regional Hospital, Cirebon, Indonesia: A Case Control Study with Total Sampling Azmi, Ranidaa' Diyaa'; Indrakusuma, Mohammad Erwin; Dewangga, Taufan Herwindo
GHMJ (Global Health Management Journal) Vol. 7 No. 3s (2024)
Publisher : Yayasan Aliansi Cendekiawan Indonesia Thailand (Indonesian Scholars' Alliance)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35898/ghmj-741116

Abstract

Background: In 2017, WHO identified Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) as a high-priority pathogen due to its antimicrobial resistance. MRSA prevalence has been rising since the 1960s, reaching 20% globally and over 80% in some countries. This increasing prevalence of MRSA is accompanied by higher morbidity, more challenging management with difficult treatment, and prolonged length of stay, and consequently increased mortality risk. Aims: To determine the relationship between MRSA infection with length of stay and mortality at Gunung Jati Regional Hospital, Cirebon, Indonesia. Methods: A case-control study was performed in 46 cases and 92 controls. This study used total sampling including 138 samples, selected population of MRSA patients between 2021-2023 at Gunung Jati Regional Hospital, Cirebon. Data was taken from medical record and WHONET data. Results: The Mann-Whitney test results showed a significant correlation between MRSA infection and the length of stay compared to MSSA infection (p=0.003). Furthermore, the Chi-Square test revealed a significant correlation between MRSA infection and mortality (p=0.019; OR, 2.448; 95% CI, 1.151 – 5.205). Conclusion: Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection is associated with a longer length of stay and higher mortality compared to Methicillin-Sensitive Staphylococcus aureus infection. Received: 25 September 2024  |  Reviewed: 21 October 2024  |  Revised: 30 November 2024  |  Accepted: 15 December 2024.
Co-Authors Azmi, Ranidaa' Diyaa' Dewangga, Taufan Herwindo Hikmah Fitriani Shonia, Ana Naela Surfa, Muhammad Bintang Abdi