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All Journal International Journal of Law Reconstruction Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Business
Salim, Andre
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Computer Science & IT Economics, Econometrics & Finance Electrical & Electronics Engineering Engineering Other

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Analysis of Johan Galtung's Concept of International Peace in the 1967 Outer Space Treaty Tandungan, Edmondus Sadesto; Salim, Andre
International Journal of Law Reconstruction Vol 8, No 2 (2024): International Journal of Law Reconstruction
Publisher : UNISSULA

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26532/ijlr.v8i2.40309

Abstract

The 1967 Outer Space Treaty is the legal basis for every country to carry out space exploration. The formation of the Outer Space Treaty in 1967 was a step forward as a basis for the use of outer space for peaceful purposes. Johan Galtung's concept of international peace can be a reference in analyzing the concept of international peace in the 1967 Outer Space Treaty. The aim of this writing is to analyze the application of Johan Galtung's concept of international peace in the 1967 Outer Space Treaty. This type of research is normative legal research that examines the Outer Space Treaty. Space Treaty 1967 and various concepts in international law. The data used is secondary data in the form of primary legal materials and secondary legal materials. The primary legal material used is the provisions on the use of outer space in the 1967 Outer Space Treaty and the UN Charter, while the secondary legal material consists of various literature related to the topic under study. The data obtained was then analyzed qualitatively using deductive thinking methods. The research results show that the correlation between Johan Galtung's concept of international peace in the 167 Outer Space Treaty can be seen from the stages of peace, namely peacemaking, peacekeeping, and peacebuilding.
Restorative Justice in Contemporary Criminal Law: Comparative Perspectives and Emerging Trends salim, Andre; santosa, Tomi Apra; Ghoni, Abdul; Kadir, Taqiyuddin; Wijoyo, Hadion
RIGGS: Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Business Vol. 4 No. 3 (2025): Agustus - October
Publisher : Prodi Bisnis Digital Universitas Pahlawan Tuanku Tambusai

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31004/riggs.v4i3.2900

Abstract

This study analyzes the concept of restorative justice in contemporary criminal law by highlighting comparative perspectives and current trends that are developing in various jurisdictions. Using a qualitative approach based on literature studies, this study searches academic literature, laws and regulations, and international and national court decisions to identify patterns of policy implementation and innovation. The results of the analysis show that restorative justice is increasingly integrated as an alternative to punishment that emphasizes the recovery of victims' losses, perpetrator participation, and social reconciliation, while challenging the dominant retributive paradigm. A comparison of practices in Europe, North America, and Asia shows significant variations in legal frameworks, mediation mechanisms, and institutional support, influenced by cultural and political contexts. In addition, global trends such as the digitization of the mediation process and the involvement of local communities are expanding the scope of restorative justice implementation, but still face challenges related to procedural standards and the protection of the rights of the parties involved. This study recommends strengthening regulations, enhancing facilitator capacity, and cross-border empirical research to ensure the effectiveness and sustainability of restorative justice implementation in the modern criminal justice system. These findings are expected to make a theoretical and practical contribution for policymakers, academics, and legal practitioners in designing criminal policies that are more humane and responsive to the needs of society.
Co-Authors Abdul Ghoni Kadir, Taqiyuddin Santosa, Tomi Apra Tandungan, Edmondus Sadesto WIJOYO, HADION