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All Journal Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum dan Dinamika Masyarakat Progressive Law Review
Amirah Dwi Subarkah
Universitas 17 Agustus 1945 Semarang
Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice

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Pertanggungjawaban atas Kelalaian Rumah Sakit dalam Pengelolaan Limbah Medis Ema Nurhayati; Raudhina Oktia Ayu; Amirah Dwi Subarkah
Hukum dan Dinamika Masyarakat Vol 22, No 2 (2024): HUKUM DAN DINAMIKA MASYARAKAT
Publisher : Fakultas Hukum Universitas 17 Agustus (UNTAG) Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.56444/hdm.v22i2.4909

Abstract

Sanitasi rumah sakit merupakan suatu upaya pengawasan faktor-faktor lingkunganbaik fisik, biologik, maupun kimiawi, dapat mengakibatkan pengaruh burukterhadap lingkungan sekitar. Pengelolaan limbah rumah sakit adalah hal yang tidakboleh luput dari perhatian pihak manajemen rumah sakit. Pada pelaksanaannya,masih terdapat rumah sakit yang lalai akan hal tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuanuntuk menganalisis unsur pertanggungjawaban bagi rumah sakit yang lalai dalampengelolaan limbah medis. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalahmetode penelitian hukum yuridis normatif dengan bahan hukum primer dansekunder. Pendekatan masalah yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalahpendekatan Perundang-Undangan (state approach) dan pendekatan konseptual(conceptual approach). Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat lima unsurpertanggungjawaban bagi rumah sakit yang lalai dalam pengelolaan limbah medisyaitu unsur kelalaian, unsur kesalahan, unsur melawan hukum, unsur akibat danunsur hubungan kausalitas. Terkait pertanggungjawaban yang dapat dilakukanyaitu denda administratif, penarikan izin rumah sakit, kewajiban perbaikan sistemhingga sanksi pidana.
The Validity of Dispute Resolution Clauses in Electronic Contracts under Indonesian Civil Law Amirah Dwi Subarkah
Progressive Law Review Vol. 8 No. 1 (2026): APRIL 2026
Publisher : Faculty of Law-Universitas Bandar Lampung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36448/prolev.v8i1.353

Abstract

The rapid growth of electronic commerce has made standard-form electronic contracts, together with the dispute resolution clauses embedded in them, a common yet legally contested feature of everyday transactions. This article examines the validity of dispute resolution clauses in electronic contracts, such as choice of forum, choice of law, arbitration, and online dispute resolution, from the perspective of Indonesian civil law. Previous studies have examined the validity of electronic contracts in general and the position of choice-of-law clauses in cross-border digital transactions, but comparatively little attention has been paid to the validity requirements and enforceability of dispute resolution clauses that are unilaterally drafted into standard-form electronic contracts. Using a normative juridical method with statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches, this article finds that a dispute resolution clause in an electronic contract is valid so long as it fulfills the elements of a valid agreement under Article 1320 of the Indonesian Civil Code and does not violate the principle of good faith under Article 1338 or mandatory consumer protection norms. Clauses that unreasonably restrict consumer access to justice, that are concealed from a party's reasonable notice, or that rely on an internal online dispute resolution mechanism lacking independence may be declared void or non-binding. The article recommends clearer regulatory standards on the form, disclosure, and procedural fairness of such clauses in electronic standard contracts. Keywords: Electronic Contract; Dispute Resolution Clause; Validity; Standard Clause.
Co-Authors Ema Nurhayati Raudhina Oktia Ayu