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All Journal Al Qodiri : Jurnal Pendidikan, Sosial dan Keagamaan Journal of Paradiplomacy and City Networks RESLAJ: Religion Education Social Laa Roiba Journal
Ario Bimo Utomo
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Religion Arts Humanities Economics, Econometrics & Finance Education Environmental Science Languange, Linguistic, Communication & Media Social Sciences

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Journal : Journal of Paradiplomacy and City Networks

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Center-Regional Relations in National Motivated Paradiplomacy: A Scottish Case Study Putri, Anggi Koenjaini; Ario Bimo Utomo; Cakra Diaz Pratama
Journal of Paradiplomacy and City Networks Vol. 4 No. 1: June 2025
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18196/jpcn.v4i1.87

Abstract

This study investigated the complex dynamics of center-regional relations in nationally motivated paradiplomacy, using Scotland as a case study. As a devolved nation within the United Kingdom (UK), Scotland has actively pursued international engagement not merely as a pragmatic exercise in policy diffusion or economic cooperation, but as a strategic vehicle for constructing a distinct national identity. This research identified the nationalist dimension as a primary motive behind Scottish paradiplomacy, particularly under the leadership of the Scottish National Party. Employing a qualitative interpretive approach and a case study method, the study drew upon primary sources (official Scottish government documents, speeches, and international frameworks) and secondary literature spanning 2014 to 2022. Using the analytical lens of paradiplomatic theory and the center-regional relationship typology developed by Panayotis Soldatos, the study concluded that Scotland’s paradiplomacy fits the parallel disharmony pattern. While Scotland and the UK operate simultaneously in international affairs, their motivations, narratives, and policy orientations frequently diverge. Scotland’s emphasis on global citizenship, climate justice, and European engagement stands in stark contrast to London’s centralist and post-Brexit trajectory. This dissonance illustrates how subnational paradiplomacy can serve not only as a policy tool but also as a political instrument for autonomy-seeking entities, challenging conventional notions of sovereignty from below. This study contributes to the broader discourse on paradiplomacy by demonstrating how subnational governments with strong nationalist narratives can develop differentiated external roles within a unitary state structure.
Co-Authors Alfian Farrel A.L Anabela Maria Lucia Sinambela Baswedan, Zaidan Muhammad Berlianto Juan Cakra Diaz Pratama Costantine Badrani Mongide Farahdzilla Muthianisa Azzahra Kenneth Ephram S Kin Ashiladafsa Blantiant Mochammad Habibie Purnomo Putra Muhammad Rizky Eko Putra Putri, Anggi Koenjaini Ramadhan Dwi Setyawan Rio Ferdian Firmansyah Sharla Putri Aisha Siti Fatimah Jasmine Virda Rizky Anggraini