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Child Adoption and Custody in Islamic Law: A Meta-Analysis And Systematic Review Amum Mahbub Ali; Sayehu; Nafan Tarihoran
Jurnal Hukum Keluarga Vol. 2 No. 01 (2025): Jurnal Hukum Keluarga
Publisher : PT. Ratu Bilqis Azzahira bekerjasama dengan Fakultas Syariah Universitas Islam Zainul Hasan Probolinggo

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Abstract

Child adoption remains a complex and sensitive issue within Islamic legal discourse, particularly due to its tension with Western legal frameworks that often permit full adoptive rights, including name changes and inheritance. This study addresses the central problem: how can Islamic law reconcile child protection needs with religious norms that prohibit altering a child’s lineage (nasab)? The research aims to investigate how the concept of kafalah in Islamic jurisprudence serves as an alternative to formal adoption and how Muslim-majority countries navigate the duality between sharia and civil legal systems. Employing a meta-analysis and systematic review approach based on PRISMA guidelines, this study synthesizes 42 peer-reviewed articles from the past decade sourced from Scopus, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Springer, and Wiley. Inclusion criteria focused on works discussing Islamic legal perspectives, national law, and practical implementations of adoption or child custody. The results reveal five dominant themes: the incompatibility of Western-style adoption with classical Islamic fiqh, kafalah as a legal-religious framework, the roles of guardianship (wali), financial support (nafaqah), and inheritance, the legal challenges posed by dual legal systems, and the emerging hybrid models in countries such as Morocco and Indonesia. The findings suggest that while Islamic law strictly preserves genealogical integrity, there is room for innovation through kafalah-based mechanisms that ensure child welfare. This study contributes to both scholarly debate and legal reform by offering an evidence-based understanding of how Islamic norms and child rights can be harmonized in contemporary legal systems.
Relevansi Batas Usia Perkawinan dalam Hukum Islam dan Hukum Positif terhadap Pencegahan Pernikahan Dini di Pandeglang Guntur Gusti Nugraha; Amum Mahbub Ali; Fauzi Rahmat Pamula
JAS : Jurnal Ahwal Syakhshiyyah Vol 7 No 1 (2025): Jurnal Ilmiah Ahwal Syakhshiyyah (JAS)
Publisher : Fakultas Agama Islam UNISMA

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Abstract

This study examines the phenomenon of early marriage in Pandeglang District, a region with one of the highest rates of child marriage in Banten Province, Indonesia. Rooted in socio-cultural traditions, economic hardship, and low levels of education, early marriage persists despite the revision of Indonesia's Marriage Law through Law No. 16 of 2019, which sets the minimum marriage age at 19 for both genders. Positioned at the intersection of Islamic legal norms and national law, this research explores how early marriage is legitimized or challenged through both religious and state frameworks. Using a qualitative socio-legal approach, data were collected through in-depth interviews with religious leaders, judges, families, and underage spouses, alongside analysis of legal documents and classical Islamic jurisprudence. The findings reveal a gap between legal norms and community practices, where dispensations granted by religious courts often undermine protective legislation. Moreover, interpretations of Islamic law that emphasize baligh (puberty) over psychological readiness contribute to the persistence of early marriage. This study highlights the urgency of contextualizing Islamic legal principles—particularly the maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah—to align with child protection standards in national law, emphasizing that legal harmonization must be supported by educational and cultural transformation at the grassroots level.   Keywords: Child Marriage, Islamic Law, Positive Law,   Abstrak Penelitian ini mengkaji fenomena pernikahan dini di Kabupaten Pandeglang, sebuah wilayah dengan tingkat pernikahan anak tertinggi di Provinsi Banten, Indonesia. Praktik ini berlangsung karena tradisi sosial-budaya, tekanan ekonomi, dan rendahnya tingkat pendidikan, meskipun Undang-Undang Perkawinan telah direvisi melalui UU No. 16 Tahun 2019 yang menetapkan batas usia minimal perkawinan 19 tahun bagi laki-laki dan perempuan. Penelitian ini berada pada titik temu antara norma hukum Islam dan hukum positif, dengan tujuan memahami bagaimana praktik pernikahan dini dilegitimasi atau ditentang oleh kedua kerangka hukum tersebut. Dengan pendekatan yuridis-sosiologis kualitatif, data dikumpulkan melalui wawancara mendalam dengan tokoh agama, hakim, keluarga, dan pasangan usia dini, serta analisis dokumen hukum dan literatur fiqh klasik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya kesenjangan antara norma hukum dan praktik masyarakat, di mana dispensasi yang diberikan oleh Pengadilan Agama sering kali melemahkan perlindungan hukum. Selain itu, penafsiran hukum Islam yang menitikberatkan pada baligh dibanding kesiapan psikologis turut memperkuat praktik ini. Penelitian ini menegaskan urgensi kontekstualisasi prinsip hukum Islam khususnya maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah, agar selaras dengan standar perlindungan anak dalam hukum nasional, serta perlunya harmonisasi hukum didukung oleh pendidikan dan transformasi budaya di tingkat akar rumput.   Kata Kunci: Pernikahan Anak, Hukum Islam, Hukum Positif