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Conversational Incongruity and Humor in Facebook Memes: A Pragmatic Study of Online Language Use Jundiyaturrahman, Hasbiya Miryami; Akmal, Hilmi; Suriadi, M Agus; Sa’diyah, Sholikatus
Journal of Pragmatics Research Vol. 7 No. 2 (2025): Journal of Pragmatics Research
Publisher : UIN Salatiga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18326/jopr.v7i2.458-482

Abstract

Memes serve not only as entertainment but also as linguistic texts that reflect how humor is pragmatically constructed. This study examines how humor is generated through the creation of implicatures in conversational memes by analyzing the flouting of Grice’s Cooperative Principles, particularly the maxim of relation. Qualitative research is conducted through the analysis of selected memes from the English Memes Facebook page from 2023 to 2024. The research applies Gricean pragmatics alongside Ritchie’s Incongruity Theory to interpret how conversational expectations are deliberately disrupted to produce humorous effects. Findings reveal that flouting the maxim of relation is the most prevalent, followed by quality and quantity, indicating that intentional irrelevance effectively creates incongruity and implicature. By extending Grice’s framework into digital discourse, this study contributes to the broader field of digital humanities, offering insight into the linguistic mechanisms underlying humor in online meme culture.
Turn-Taking Mechanism and Power Relations in United States Presidential Debates between Donald Trump and Kamala Harris on September 11, 2024 Padma Dewi Kalingga Putri; Hilmi Akmal
Journal of Pragmatics Research Vol. 7 No. 2 (2025): Journal of Pragmatics Research
Publisher : UIN Salatiga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18326/jopr.v7i2.437-457

Abstract

This research aims to examine the Turn-Taking Mechanism and Power Relations that emerged in the 2024 United States Presidential Debate between Donald Trump and Kamala Harris. This research uses a qualitative method with the theory of Turn-Taking Mechanism proposed by Jacob L Mey and Michel Foucault’s theory of power, which places power as something that is spread in a network of social relations and manifested through language. Turn-Taking Mechanism in political debates serves as an important mechanism to reveal the dynamic of power relations between candidates. Data were obtained from official transcripts and video recordings on the ABC News debate YouTube Channel, then analyzed to identify patterns of the Turn-Taking Mechanism, such as Taking the Floor, Holding the Floor, and Yielding the Floor. The analysis showed that the Turn-Taking Mechanism in this debate was not as orderly as it should be in cooperative communication. Through Foucault’s candidate perspective, power relations in this debate can be seen through the way candidates organize and distribute discourse in the public communication space. The research also found that moderator interventions, which aim to maintain the rules of Turn-Taking in the course of the debate, were often undermined by the candidates’ discursive power practices, thus showing that power in debates is fluid, resistive and constantly shifting depending on the dynamic of interaction. Moreover, this research is expected to contribute to the development of Linguistic studies, especially Pragmatics in the field of politics, as well as explore further the relation between discourse analysis and power relations.
Identity and Piety: Critical Discourse Analysis on Indonesian Ulema Council’s Fatwa about The Law Using Non-Moslim Religious Attributes Subuki, Makyun; Akmal, Hilmi; Hudaa, Syihaabul
AHKAM : Jurnal Ilmu Syariah Vol. 23 No. 2 (2023)
Publisher : Universitas Islam Negeri Jakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15408/ajis.v23i2.31280

Abstract

In December 2016, shortly after the Action to Defend Islam 212 was held, the Indonesian Ulema Council published a fatwa on the Law Using Non-Muslim Religious Attributes. This fatwa reaped controversy because it was followed by sweeping action by a number of mass organizations against the Christmas attribute. Since this fatwa caused controversy, this study sought to examine it with a critical discourse analysis approach. This study covers three dimensions of the fatwa: the textual dimension, the dimension of discursive practice, and the dimensions of social practice. Based on the analysis that has been carried out, this study has three findings. First, linguistic analysis of this fatwa  showed  that  the  fatwa  is  an  ideological  text.  Furthermore,  this  fatwa has intertextuality with other texts, namely the opinions of previous ulemas, which also prohibit the use of religious attributes of non-Muslims. Second, as a discursive practice, this fatwa affirms the view of several religious mass organizations that not only forbid wearing religious attributes of non-Muslims but also at the same time justified their attitude in sweeping against the religious attributes  of  non-Muslims,  for  example,  Islamic  Front  Defense  (FPI)  and Klaten Islamic Paramilitaries (LAKIK). Third, situationally and institutionally, this  fatwa  is  possible  to  be  issued  not  only  because  of  the  encouragement of several mass organizations that consider that using religious attributes of non-Muslims is haram but also because of the influence of consolidation of these mass organizations, which rich their peak level after the series of Action to Defend Islam. Lastly, a value system that views identity as permanent and unchanging in Indonesian Muslim society is still very dominant, so it is also determining the issuance of this fatwa.  Pada  bulan  Desember  2016,  tak  lama  setelah  Aksi  Bela  Islam  212 digelar, Majelis Ulama Indonesia menerbitkan fatwa tentang Hukum Penggunaan Atribut Keagamaan Non-Muslim. Fatwa ini menuai kontroversi karena disusul aksi sapu bersih sejumlah ormas yang menentang atribut Natal. Karena fatwa ini menimbulkan kontroversi, maka penelitian ini berupaya mengkajinya dengan pendekatan  analisis  wacana  kritis.  Kajian  ini  mencakup  tiga  dimensi  fatwa: dimensi  tekstual,  dimensi  praktik  kewacanaan,  dan  dimensi  praktik  sosial. Berdasarkan analisis yang telah dilakukan, penelitian ini mempunyai tiga temuan. Pertama,  analisis  kebahasaan  fatwa  ini  menunjukkan  bahwa  fatwa  tersebut merupakan  teks  ideologis.  Lebih  lanjut,  fatwa  ini  memiliki  intertekstualitas dengan  nash  lain,  yaitu  pendapat  para  ulama  terdahulu  yang  juga  melarang penggunaan atribut agama non-Muslim. Kedua, sebagai praktik diskursif, fatwa ini mengafirmasi pandangan beberapa ormas keagamaan yang tidak hanya melarang pemakaian  atribut  keagamaan  non-Muslim  namun  sekaligus  mem sikapnya dalam melakukan penyisiran terhadap atribut keagamaan non-Muslim, mislanya Front Pembela Islam (FPI) dan Laskar Islam Klaten (LAKIK). Ketiga, secara situasional dan institusional, fatwa ini dimungkinkan dikeluarkan bukan hanya  karena  dorongan  dari  beberapa  ormas  yang  menganggap  penggunaan atribut keagamaan non-Muslim haram, namun juga karena pengaruh konsolidasi ormas-ormas  tersebut,  yang  besar  di  mana  puncaknya  setelah  rangkaian  Aksi Bela  Islam.  Terakhir,  sistem  nilai  yang  memandang  identitas  sebagai  sesuatu yang  permanen  dan  tidak  berubah  dalam  masyarakat  Islam  Indonesia  masih sangat dominan sehingga ikut menentukan dikeluarkannya fatwa ini. 
Politeness strategies and power relations in Zendaya and Nicole Kidman youtube channel interviews Farah, Daniah; Akmal, Hilmi; Suriadi, Muhammad Agus
Journal of Language and Pragmatics Studies Vol. 4 No. 3 (2025): Dec 2025
Publisher : Yayasan Mitra Persada Nusantara

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58881/jlps.v4i3.134

Abstract

This research was conducted to examine the politeness strategies and power relations found in the “Actors on Actors” interview between Zendaya and Nicole Kidman on the Variety YouTube channel. The analysis was based on Brown and Levinson’s (1987) politeness strategies theory and Brown and Gilman’s (1960) power and solidarity theory. The objectives of the study were: (1) To identify the politeness strategies employed by Zendaya and Nicole Kidman in interviews on the Variety YouTube channel (2) To analyze how the power relations influenced politeness strategies in interviews with Zendaya and Nicole Kidman on the Variety YouTube channel. A qualitative method was applied, with data collected through purposive sampling. A total of 47 politeness strategies were identified in the interview between Nicole Kidman and Zendaya. Positive politeness appeared most frequently (34 times), followed by negative politeness (7), bald on-record (4), and off-record strategies (2), with no instances of don’t do the FTA. The dominance of positive politeness indicates that the interaction is primarily characterized by solidarity, warmth, and mutual respect. Despite differences in age and experience, both speakers maintained an equal and friendly atmosphere. Their shared identity as professional actors enabled them to connect through a mutual understanding of the industry, the artistic process, and the emotional demands of their work, which in turn strengthened the solidarity expressed throughout the interaction.
Language in conflict debates: Impoliteness strategies in the open to debate youtube channel ‘were Israel’s actions in the Gaza war justified?’ Nur'aini, Intan; Hilmi Akmal
Journal of Language and Pragmatics Studies Vol. 4 No. 3 (2025): Dec 2025
Publisher : Yayasan Mitra Persada Nusantara

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58881/jlps.v4i3.136

Abstract

This study analyzes the strategies of impoliteness in the debate ‘Were Israel’s Actions in the Gaza War Justified?’ on the Open to Debate YouTube channel. Using Jonathan Culpeper’s theory of impoliteness, this research aims to identify and analyze the impoliteness strategies employed by speakers and their functions in the context of conflict debates. This qualitative study utilizes documentation techniques and data cards to collect and analyze data. The results show that there are 4 instances of bald on record, 2 instances of sarcasm or mock politeness, and 1 instance of negative impoliteness, and 1 instance of positive impoliteness. Further analysis reveals that these impoliteness strategies can be categorized into two primary functions: coercive impoliteness (pressuring the opponent) and affective impoliteness (expressing strong emotions). This study also demonstrates that impoliteness in debates about conflict does not only carry negative connotations, but also can serve as a form of strong concern for defending humanity and as an effort to voice concerns for the conflict resolution. In conclusion, this study shows that the three speakers (Eylon Levy and Mehdi Hasan) employ impoliteness strategies with different objectives: Eylon Levy tends to prioritize Israel’s security, while Mehdi Hasan uses impoliteness to defend all victims, both in Palestine and Israel, and to support conflict resolution.