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Assessing cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) growth under facilitating tree stands of Neolamarckia cadamba and Falcataria moluccana with potential for land restoration Dumil, Haverdly; Bahrin, Mohammad Azriel; Triscca, Vhienna; M Khatta, Aida Nabihah; Kamlun, Kamlisa Uni; Muda, Boney; Hassan, Affendy; Awang Besar, Normah
Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management Vol. 12 No. 5 (2025)
Publisher : Brawijaya University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15243/jdmlm.2025.125.8875

Abstract

In the field of agroforestry, Theobroma cacao, Neolamarckia cadamba, and Falcataria moluccana are commonly employed to assess growth performance; however, research on their above-ground and below-ground characteristics remains limited. This study aimed to evaluate the growth performance and root distribution of these species within both monocropping and intercropping systems in Madai, Kunak, Sabah, for a six-month period. The study utilised 20 plots arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design with five treatments: monocropping of T. cacao, N. cadamba, and F. moluccana, as well as intercropping combinations of N. cadamba with T. cacao and F. moluccana with T. cacao. Key metrics measured included height and diameter for above-ground growth, along with Specific Root Length (SRL), Root Length Density (RLD), and Root Biomass (RB) for below-ground growth. The findings indicated that in monocropping, T. cacao achieved an average height of 3.79 m and F. moluccana 5.11 m, while intercropping combinations exhibited various heights. Overall, T. cacao demonstrated robust height and root growth in monocropping systems, with no significant differences observed between above-ground and below-ground parameters.
Influence of Elevation on Growth Performance and Root Traits of 2-Year-Old Terminalia copelandii in Sukau, Kinabatangan, Sabah Khatta, Aida Nabihah M; Nanak, Ag Syahmil Qyusairi Ag; Dumil, Haverdly; Thabet, Thamer Abdulrahman; Wakimin, Nur Fadzlunnisaa’; Kelvin, Pang Kat Nyen; Chen, Si; Terhem, Razak; Hassan, Affendy
Jurnal Sylva Lestari Vol. 14 No. 1 (2026): January
Publisher : Department of Forestry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Lampung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23960/jsl.v14i1.1250

Abstract

Terminalia copelandii is a native, fast-growing tree with potential for forest restoration and agroforestry in Sabah. There is a limited understanding of the effects of elevation on the growth and below-ground root strategies of smallholder farms. This paper examines growth patterns and underground structure of two-year-old T. copelandii grown at different altitudes in Sukau, Kinabatangan, Sabah. Tree height (TH) and diameter at breast height (DBH) were measured at a hilly site and a lowland site. A completely randomized design with three experimental units per site was used. Root traits assessed included specific root length (SRL), root length density (RLD), and root biomass (RB). Roots were extracted at soil depths of 25 cm, 75 cm, 125 cm, and 175 cm and analyzed using an independent t-test at a 5% significance level. Results showed significantly better growth at the lowland site (TH: 4.77 m; DBH: 12.58 cm) than the hilly site (TH: 1.87 m; DBH: 6.48 cm). SRL and RLD were similar at shallow depths but increased at 175 cm in the lowland site. The hilly site showed greater root biomass accumulation, although the difference was not statistically significant. These results demonstrate how elevation-induced environmental factors affect above-ground and below-ground performance, promoting forest restoration and agroforestry strategies for this valuable species. Keywords: fast growing species, forest plantation, root biomass, root phenotyping, Terminalia copelandii